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Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct".〔the ''Oxford English Dictionary "Machiavellian" as a word became very popular in the late 16th century in English, though "Machiavellianism" itself is first cited in 1626.〕 The word comes from the Italian Renaissance diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli, who wrote ''Il Principe'' (''The Prince''), among other works. In modern psychology, Machiavellianism is one of the dark triad personalities, characterized by a duplicitous interpersonal style, a cynical disregard for morality and a focus on self-interest and personal gain.〔 ==Political thought== (詳細はSt. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572 in Paris came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his ''Discours contre Machievel'' in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years.〔Anglo, 283 – see also the whole chapter〕 Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books () held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized () courtiers" in France (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers".〔Anglo, 286〕 In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, not that politicians telegraph their intentions in writing, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism.〔Anglo, Chapters 10 and 11; p. 328 etc.〕 The English playwrights William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe were enthusiastic proponents of this view. Shakespeare's Gloucester, later Richard III, refers to Machiavelli in ''Henry VI, Part III'', for instance:
In ''The Jew of Malta'' (1589–90) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming not to be dead, but to have possessed the soul of (the Duke of) Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 3–4)〔(Project Gutenberg ''Jew of Malta'' text )〕 Marlowe's last play, ''The Massacre at Paris'' (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with the Duke of Guise and Catherine de' Medici both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. The ''Anti-Machiavel'' is an 18th-century essay by Frederick the Great, King of Prussia and patron of Voltaire, rebutting ''The Prince'', and Machiavellianism. It was first published in September 1740, a few months after Frederick became king, and is one of many such works. Denis Diderot, the French philosopher, viewed Machiavellianism as "an abhorrent type of politics" and the "art of tyranny."〔Diderot, Denis (ascribed by Jacques Proust). "Machiavellianism." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Timothy Cleary. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2004. Trans. of "Machiavelisme," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 9. Paris, 1765. Accessed 31 March 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Machiavellianism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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