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A ' ((アラビア語:مذهب) ', , "doctrine"; pl. ', (:mæˈðæːhɪb); Turkish: ''mezheb''; Urdu: مذہب ') is a school of thought within ''fiqh'' (Islamic jurisprudence). In the first 150 years of Islam, there were numerous ''madhāhib''; several of the companions of Prophet Muhammad are credited with founding their own. As a matter of fact, there were as many mazhabs as there were companions. Over the centuries, mazhabs have variously grown, spread, split, and been absorbed; at one time, there were 130 schools. Most have become obsolete. Traditionally there has been four mazhabs followed by the majority of Muslims throughout Islamic history.〔(UNDERSTANDING THE FOUR MADHHABS )〕 As of the Amman Message, eight are officially acknowledged by the leaders of the international Muslim community - five Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali and the reintroduced Zahiri), two Shia schools (Ja'fari, Zaidi), and the Ibadi school. The theological schools (Kalam) formed at the same time and in the similar way. The main theological schools are three major Sunni schools (Mu'tazili, Ash'ari and Maturidi) and three major Shia schools (Imamiyyah, Ismā'īlī and Zaidi), along with several minor schools. == Development == It has been asserted that ''madhhab'' were consolidated in the 9th and 10th centuries as a means of excluding dogmatic theologians, government officials and non-Sunni sects from religious discourse.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Law, Islamic )〕 Historians have differed regarding the times at which the various schools emerged. One interpretation is that Sunni Islam was initially split into four groups: the Hanafites, Malikites, Shafi'ites and Zahirites.〔Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem, ''Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers'', pg. 34. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.〕 Later, the Hanbalites and Jarirites developed two more schools; then various dynasties effected the eventual exclusion of the Jarirites;〔Christopher Melchert, ''The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law'': 9th-10th Centuries C.E., pg. 178. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997.〕 eventually, the Zahirites were also excluded when the Mamluk Sultanate established a total of four independent judicial positions, thus solidifying the Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools.〔 The Ottoman Empire later reaffirmed the official status of these four schools as a reaction to Shi'ite Persia.〔Chibli Mallat, ''Introduction to Middle Eastern Law'', pg. 116. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-923049-5〕 Some are of the view that Sunni jurisprudence falls into two groups: ''Ahl al-Ra'i'' ("people of opinions", emphasizing scholarly judgment and reason) and ''Ahl al-Hadith'' ("people of traditions", emphasizing strict interpretation of scripture).〔Murtada Mutahhari, (''The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation'' ), (Al-Tawhid ) volume IV, No.2, Publisher: (Islamic Thought Foundation )〕 10th century Shi'ite scholar Ibn al-Nadim named eight groups: Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi'i, Zahiri, Imami Shi'ite, Ahl al-Hadith, Jariri and Kharijite.〔〔Devin J. Stewart, THE STRUCTURE OF THE FIHRIST: IBN AL-NADIM AS HISTORIAN OF ISLAMIC LEGAL AND THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS, International Journal of Middle East Studies, v.39, pg.369-387, Cambridge University Press, 2007〕 In the 12th century Jariri and Zahiri schools were absorbed by the Shafi'i school. Ibn Khaldun defined only three Sunni ''madhhahib'': Hanafi, Zahiri, and one encompassing the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali schools as existing initially,〔Ignác Goldziher, ''The Zahiris'', pg. 5. Trns. Wolfgang Behn, intro. Camilla Adang. Volume three of Brill Classics in Islam. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9789004162419〕〔Meinhaj Hussain, A New Medina, (The Legal System ), Grande Strategy, January 5th, 2012〕 noting that by the 14th century historian the Zahiri school had become extinct, only for it to be revived again in parts of the Muslim world by the mid-20th century.〔Daniel W. Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'': Vol. 5 of Cambridge Middle East Studies, pgs. 28 and 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780521653947〕〔M. Mahmood, ''The Code of Muslim Family Laws'', pg. 37. Pakistan Law Times Publications, 2006. 6th ed.〕〔Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken from ''The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought'', pg. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. ISBN 9781405178488〕 Historically, the ''fiqh'' schools were often in violent conflict with one another, vying for favor with the ruling government in order to have their representatives appointed to legislative and especially judiciary positions.〔 Geographer and historian Al-Muqaddasi once satirically categorized competing ''madhhahib'' with contrasting personal qualities: Hanafites, highly conscious of being hired for official positions, appeared deft, well-informed, devout and prudent; Malikites, dull and obtuse, confined themselves to observance of prophetic tradition; Shafi'ites were shrewd, impatient, understanding and quick-tempered; Zahirites haughty, irritable, loquacious and well-to-do; Shi'ites, entrenched and intractable in old rancor, enjoyed riches and fame; and Hanbalites, anxious to practice what they preached, were charitable and inspiring.〔Louis Massignon, ''The Passion of al-Hallaj: Mystic and Martyr of Islam''. Trans. Herbert W. Mason. Pg. 130. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.〕 While such descriptions were almost assuredly humorous in nature, ancient differences were less to do with actual doctrinal opinions than with maneuvering for adherents and influence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madhhab」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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