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Madiao (), also Ma Diao, Ma Tiu or Ma Tiao, is a late imperial Chinese trick-taking gambling card game, also known as the game of ''Paper Tiger.'' It was recorded by Lu Rong in the 15th century〔Lo, Andrew (2000), The Late Ming Game of Ma Diao, Journal of the International Playing Card Society (XXIX, No. 3), pp. 115–136, The International Playing Card Society〕 and later by Pan Zhiheng and Feng Menglong during the early 17th century.〔Lo, Andrew (2004), "China's Passion for Pai: Playing Cards, Dominoes, and Mahjong". In: Mackenzie, C. and Finkel, I., (eds.), ''Asian Games: The Art of Contest''. New York: Asia Society, pp. 216-231. 〕 Korean poet Jang Hon(1759-1828) wrote that the game dated back to the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). It continued to be popular during the Qing dynasty until around the mid-19th century.〔 It is played with 40 cards and four players. In Chinese, mǎ (马) means "horse" and diao (吊) means "hanged" or "lifted." The name of the game comes from the fact that three players team against the banker, like a horse raising one shoe (banker), with the other three remaining hooves on the ground (three players). ==Description== A set of Madiao consists of 40 cards of four suits: *The suit of 纹 Wen (cash or coins): 11 cards, comprising the suit of cash from 1 to 9, half cash (later called White Flower), and zero cash (Red Flower). This suit is in reverse order, being zero cash the highest while 9 cash is the lowest. This is a feature found in many of the oldest known games including Ganjifa, Tarot, Ombre, Maw, and Tổ tôm. The half cash and zero cash did not exist in Lu Rong's account. *The suit of 索 瘠 Suǒ jí (strings of coins): 9 cards, comprising the suit of strings from 1 to 9 strings. *The suit of 万 (variant 萬) Wàn (10,000), or myriads of strings: 9 cards, comprising the suit of myriads from 1 to 9 myriad. *The suit of 十 Shí (ten) or tens (of myriads): 11 cards, comprising the suit of tens of myriads from 20 myriad to 90 myriad, and of hundred myriad, thousand myriad (Old Thousand), and myriad myriad. The latter two cards were dropped from the deck by the end of the 19th century. There is no card of 10 myriad as it would share the same name as its suit. Each card of myriads or tens (of myriads), as the zero coin as well, was illustrated with one of the 108 most famous bandits of the Chinese novel the ''Water Margin'' attributed to Shi Nai'an. Ten cards contain red stamps and are known as red cards which carry bonuses: Myriad Myriad, Thousand Myriad, Hundred Myriad, 20 Myriad, 9 Myriad, 1 Myriad, 9 Strings, 1 String, Zero Cash, and 9 Cash. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madiao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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