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Madkhalism is a strain of Islamist thought within the larger Salafist movement based on the writings of Rabee Al-Madkhali.〔Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from ''Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations'', pg. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. ISBN 9789290798651〕〔Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, (Sheikh Rabi’ Ibn Haadi ‘Umayr Al Madkhali ). The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims〕〔ICG Middle East Report N°31. (Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists? ) Amman/Riyadh/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 21 September 2004.〕〔Roel Meijer, ''Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement'', pg. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.〕 Arab states have generally favored Madkhalism due to its support for secular forms of government as opposed to other strains of Salafism,〔Jarret M. Brachman, ''Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice'', pg. 29. London: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9781134055418〕 and Madkhalism's decline in Saudi Arabia has been connected with a decline in support for secular forms of government in the Muslim world.〔Kasra Shahhosseini, (The Rise of ISIS: Who’s to Blame? ) International Policy Digest, October 20, 2014.〕 Though originating in Saudi Arabia, the movement lost its support base in the country and has mostly been relegated to the Muslim community in Europe,〔Roel Meijer, "Politicizing ''al-jarh wa-l-ta'dil'': Rabi b. Hadi al-Madkhali and the transnational battle for religious authority." Taken from ''The Transmission and Dynamics of the Textual Sources of Islam: Essays in Honour of Harald Motzki'', eds. Nicolet Boekhoff-van der Voort, Kees Versteegh and Joas Wagemakers, pg. 382. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011.〕 with most Saudi Arabians not taking the edicts of Madkhalists seriously.〔Mohammad Pervez Bilgrami, (Arab Counter-revolution on Threshold of Plummeting ). World Bulletin, Sunday, September 21, 2014.〕 Political scientist Omar Ashour has described the movement as resembling a cult,〔Omar Ashour, (Libyan Islamists Unpacked ): Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.〕 and English-language media has referred to the group as such.〔 ==History== The movement has, in essence, been a reaction against the Muslim Brotherhood, rival Sahwa movement as well as the Qutbi movement;〔Thomas M. Pick, Anne Speckhard and Beatrice Jacuch, ''Home-Grown Terrorism'', pg. 86. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2009.〕 Sayyid Qutb, that movement's figurehead, is considered to be an apostate by Madkhali and his movement.〔 At the Madkhalist movement's inception in the early 1990s, the governments of Saudi Arabia and Egypt promoted the group as a counterbalance to more extreme elements of the wider Islamist movement.〔〔Notes, ''Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam'', pg. 291. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780231154260〕〔Hossam Tammam and Patrick Haenni, (Islam in the insurrection? ) Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 March 2011, Issue No. 1037.〕〔Professor Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik, (The Emergence and Impacts of Islamic Radicalists ), pg. 16. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH, 2009.〕〔Sherifa Zuhur, ''Saudi Arabia: Islamic Threat, Political reform, and the Global War on Terror'', pg. 26. Strategic Studies Institute, March 2005.〕 During this time, a number of radical Jihadists converted to Madkhalism, especially in the Salafist stronghold of Buraidah.〔ICG Interviews, Riyadh, 2004.〕 In Kuwait, the Madkhali movement was nurtured around individuals who would separate from "mainstream" Salafism in 1981 due to many amongst them entering into political arena .〔Zoltan Pall, (Kuwaiti Salafism and Its Growing Influence in the Levant ). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 7, 2014.〕 After high-ranking members of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment denounced the movement in general, and Saudi Grand Mufti and Permanent Committee head Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh's criticism of Rabee al-Madkhali specifically, the movement lost its support base within the wider Arab world.〔 The remaining followers of Madkhali within Saudi Arabia tend to be foreign workers of Western origins, Saudis from Rabee al-Madkhali's hometown, and Kuwaitis and Yemenis.〔Jarret M. Brachman, ''Global Jihadism'', pg. 30.〕 Madkhali also retains a national network of disciples to promote his work and monitor the activities of competitor clerics,〔 and although Madkhalists are outnumbered by followers of Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage in Kuwait, they retain an extensive international network in the Middle East, Europe and Southeast Asia.〔 Despite losing its audience in its country of origin, the movement had branched outward by the early 2010s, with Madkhalists gaining followers in western Kazakhstan, where the Government of Kazakhstan views them and other Islamists with suspicion.〔Almaz Rysaliev, ("West Kazakhstan Under Growing Islamic Influence." ) Institute for War and Peace Reporting. RCA Issue 653, 21 July 2011. Accessed 29 January 2013.〕〔(Reporting Central Asia No. 653 )〕 Regardless of these gains, Western analysts have still described the movement as now being relegated to a primarily European phenomenon.〔〔Samir Amghar, "Salafism and Radicalisation of Young European Muslims." Taken from ''European Islam: Challenges for Public Policy and Society'', pg. 44. Eds. Samir Amghar, Amel Boubekeur and Michaël Emerson. Brussels: Center for European Policy Studies, 2007. ISBN 9789290797104〕 Analysts have estimated that Madkhalists and their allies comprise just over half of the Salafist movement in the Netherlands.〔Martijn de Koning, "The 'Other' Political Islam: Understanding Salafi Politics." Taken from ''Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam'', pg. 159. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780231154260〕 On Friday, 24 August 2012, Islamists loyal to Muhammad al-Madkhali, one of the movement's figureheads and Rabee al-Madkhali's brother,〔Mansoor Jassem Alshamsi, ''Islam and Political Reform in Saudi Arabia: The Quest for Political Change and Reform'', pg. 111. London: Routledge, 2010. ISBN 9781134126538〕 demolished Sufi shrines in Zliten in Libya with construction equipment and bulldozers.〔Enas Saddoh, (Extremists demolish Libya’s shrines using bulldozers, explosives ). France 24, 29/08/2012.〕 The act was condemnded by twenty-two NGOs, in addition to the post-war Libyan government's top religious official and UNESCO General Director Irina Bokova.〔Mohamed, Essam (27 August 2012) (Libyan salafists destroy Sufi shrines ) magharebia.com〕〔Fornaji, Hadi (28 August 2012) (Widespread condemnation of mosque attacks and demands for government action ) libyaherald.com〕〔UNESCOPRESS (28.08.2012) (UNESCO Director-General calls for an immediate halt to destruction of Sufi sites in Libya ) unesco.org〕 The post-war Libyan government filed a complaint with the Saudi government regarding Muhammad al-Madkhali, who is a professor at the Islamic University of Madinah.〔Jamie Dettmer, (Ultraconservative Salafists Destroy sufi Landmarks in Libya ). September 4th, 2012.〕 Another break between Madkhalists and the mainstream of purist Salafism has been the reaction to the Arab Spring. While most purist Salafists initially opposed both the Libyan Civil War and the Syrian Civil War, eventually they threw their support behind the opposition in both cases due to the extreme violence on the part of the Qaddafi and Asad regimes; the Madkhalists attacked the mainstream purists for these stances.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Madkhalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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