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Maeshowe
Maeshowe (or Maes Howe; ''Norse'': Orkhaugr〔) is a Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave situated on Mainland, Orkney, Scotland. It was probably built around . It gives its name to the Maeshowe type of chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney. Maeshowe is a significant example of Neolithic craftsmanship and is, in the words of the archaeologist Stuart Piggott, "a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position."〔Pigott 1954〕 The monuments around Maeshowe, including Skara Brae, were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.
==Design and construction==
Maeshowe is one of the largest tombs in Orkney; the mound encasing the tomb is in diameter and rises to a height of .〔Childe 1952, p. 18〕 Surrounding the mound, at a distance of to is a ditch up to wide. The grass mound hides a complex of passages and chambers built of carefully crafted slabs of flagstone weighing up to 30 tons.〔''Lost Worlds'': "The Pagans (of Britain)" History Channel series with contributions from historian Prof. Ronald Hutton, Archeologists Erika Guttmann and Martin Carruthers〕 It is aligned so that the rear wall of its central chamber held up by a bracketed wall,〔Dargie 2007, p. 12.〕 is illuminated on the winter solstice.〔Hedges 1984, p. 160〕 A similar display occurs in Newgrange.
This entrance passage is long and leads to the central almost square chamber measuring about on each side.〔Childe 1952, pp.18-19〕 The current height of the chamber is , this reflects the height to which the original stonework is preserved and capped by a modern corbelled roof. The original roof may have risen to a height of or more.〔Ritchie 1995, p. 59〕 The entrance passage is only about high, requiring visitors to stoop or crawl into the central chamber. That chamber is constructed largely of flat slabs of stone, many of which traverse nearly the entire length of the walls. In each corner lie huge angled buttresses that rise to the vaulting. At a height of about , the wall's construction changes from the use of flat to overlapping slabs creating a beehive-shaped vault.〔Castleden 1987, pp. 176-177〕
Estimates of the amount of effort required to build Maeshowe vary; a commonly suggested number is 39,000 man-hours,〔Hedges 1984, p. 113〕〔Castleden 1987, p. 212〕 although Colin Renfrew calculated that at least 100,000 hours would be required.〔Renfrew 1979, p. 212-214〕 Dating of the construction of Maeshowe is difficult but dates derived from burials in similar tombs cluster around . Since Maeshowe is the largest and most sophisticated example of the Maeshowe "type" of tomb, archaeologists have suggested that it is the last of its class, built around .〔Ritchie 1981, p. 29〕 The people who built Maeshowe were users of grooved ware,〔Renfrew 1985, p. 7〕 a distinctive type of pottery that spread throughout the British Isles from about .
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