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The Tagalog ''maginoo'', the Kapampangan ''ginu'', and the Visayan ''tumao'' were the nobility social class among various cultures of the pre-colonial Philippines. Among the Visayans, the ''tumao'' were further distinguished from the immediate royal families, the ''kadatoan''. ==Visayas== In Visayas, the Visayans utilized a three-class social structure consisting of the ''oripun'' (commoners, serfs, and slaves), the ''timawa'' (warrior nobility), and at the top, the ''tumao'' (nobility). The ''tumao'' consisted of blood relatives of the ''datu'' (community leader) untainted by slavery, servitude, or witchcraft. They were usually descendants of the children of a ''datu'' and secondary wives known as ''sandil''. Various ''tumao'' supporters of the ''datu'' are collectively referred to as ''sandig sa datu'' ("beside the datu"). The ''tumao'' were also usually employed in the court of the ''datu'' in various positions (though these may sometimes be filled with ''timawa'' as well). The chief minister or privy counselor of the ''datu'' was known as the ''atubang sa datu'' (literally "facing the ''datu''"). The steward who collected and recorded tributes and taxes and dispensed them among the household and dependents of the ''datu'' was known as the ''paragahin''. The ''paragahin'' was also responsible for organizing public feasts and communal work. The ''bilanggo'' was the one responsible for maintaining law and order and whose own house served as the community jail (''bilanggowan''). Both ''tumao'' and ''timawa'' were obligated to serve as the military forces of the ''datu'' in times of war, at their own expense.〔 The immediate royal family of the Visayan ''datu'' were distinguished from the rest of the ''tumao'' as the ''kadatoan'', which was both a political office and a social class. The purity of the lineage of the ''kadatoan'' was extremely important in claiming the right to rule, thus the ''kadatoan'' usually only married members of other royal families. The sons and daughters of the ''datu'' by his first wife were jealously guarded from the rest of the community. The princesses were known as ''binokot'' (literally "the veiled ones" or "the wrapped ones"), due to the fact that they were usually transported by slaves in covered palanquins. Women of the ''kadatoan'' class were powerful and revered. The first wife of the ''datu'' and the ''binokot'' could command the same number of slaves and dependents. A ''datu'' who gained his status by marrying a princess is known as a ''sabali''. A ''datu'' who is of pure royal lineage is known as ''potli'' or ''lubus nga datu'', while a datu whose four grandparents are all of pure royal descent are known as ''kalibutan'' ("all around").〔 The ''datu'' served as leaders and judges. Their proclamations (''mantala'') were delivered to the general populace by an ''oripun'' serving as the town herald (the ''paratawag''). They received tributes, taxes, and gifts from their subjects, among them were the ''himuka'' (gifts from ''timawa'' for permission to marry), ''bawbaw'' (gifts from the winning parties in a dispute settled by the ruling of the ''datu''), and ''hikun'' (the greater share of property being redistributed). They had control of trade through ''honos'' (fee for anchoring a ship in the community harbor), ''bihit'' (tariffs), and ''lopig'' (discounts on local purchases). They also had the power to restrict access to communal property through decrees (''balwang'') and their crops and animals were distributed among his subjects to care for in a practice known as ''takay''. The ''datu'', however, were far from being a leisured aristocracy. They were often skilled craftsmen, hunters, blacksmiths, fishermen, and warriors in their own right, and their household produced the best commodities for trade. 〔 Visayan ''datu'' were loosely bound to each other in a federation (a chiefdom). Members of a chiefdom had a leading ''datu'' who had authority over other ''datu'', usually simply referred to as the ''pangulo'' ("head" or "ruler"), ''kaponoan'' ("most sovereign", from the Visayan word for "root" or "origin", ''puno''), or ''makaporos nga datu'' (unifying chief). The ''pangulo'' of seaports with frequent foreign traffic may sometimes take on Malay or Sanskrit titles like ''Rajah'' ("ruler"), ''Batara'' ("noble lord"), ''Sarripada'' (from Sanskrit ''Sri Paduka'', "His Highness"; variants include ''Salip'', ''Sipad'', ''Paduka'', and ''Salipada''). However, they were not kings in the European sense. Their authority usually stems from favorable trade positions, military prowess, lineage, and wealth (''bahandi'') rather than royal rule. While they had limited power over other member ''datu'' of the chiefdom based on their renown, they had no direct control over the subjects or lands of the other ''datu''.〔 The historian William Henry Scott theorizes that this may have been Ferdinand Magellan's fatal error. Magellan assumed that Rajah Humabon was the king of the land and thus of Mactan as well. But the island of Mactan, the domain of Lapu-Lapu and another ''datu'' named Zula, was in a location that enabled them to intercept trade ships entering the harbor of Cebu, Humabon's domain. Thus it was more likely that Lapu-Lapu was actually more powerful than Humabon. Humabon himself was married to Lapu-Lapu's niece. When Magellan demanded that Lapu-Lapu submit as his "king" Humabon had done, Lapu-Lapu purportedly replied that "he was unwilling to come and do reverence to one whom he had been commanding for so long a time".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maginoo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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