|
The Maghreb ( or ;Literally sunset;〔 (アラビア語:المغرب العربي) ', "the Arab West"; '; previously known as Barbary Coast),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Barbary Wars, 1801–1805 and 1815–1816 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Antique Maps of North Africa )〕 or the Greater Maghreb ((アラビア語:المغرب الكبير) ''al-Maghrib al-Kabīr''), is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, was later superseded, especially following the 1989 formation of the Arab Maghreb Union, by the inclusion of Mauritania and of the disputed territory of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco). During the Al-Andalus era in Spain (711–1492), the Maghreb's inhabitants, Maghrebis, were known as "Moors";〔"The Moors were simply Maghrebis, inhabitants of the maghreb, the western part of the Islamic world, that extends from Spain to Tunisia, and represents a homogeneous cultural entity", Titus Burckhardt, "Moorish culture in Spain". Suhail Academy. 1997, p.7〕 the Muslim areas of Spain in those times were usually included in contemporary definitions of the Maghreb—hence the use of "Moorish" or "Moors" to describe the Muslim inhabitants of Spain in Western sources. Historical terms for the region or various portions of it include ''Mauretania'', ''Numidia'', ''Libya'', and ''Africa'' in classical antiquity. The term ''maghrib'' is Arabic for "west", from the verb ''gharaba'' (, "to depart, withdraw"), ''Sensu stricto'' the definite form ''al-maghrib'' denotes the country of Morocco in particular. used here to refer to where the sun sets: in the west. It identified the westernmost territories that fell to the Islamic conquests of the 7th century.〔Elisee Reclus, ''Africa'', edited by A. H. Keane, B. A., Vol. II, North-West Africa, Appleton and company, 1880, New York, p.95〕 Today, it is a proper noun for the present region of the Maghreb, also known politically as ( ‘the Arab Maghreb’) or ( "the great Maghreb"). The Berber language's alternative term for the region, ''Tamazgha'' (‘land of the Berbers’),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tamazgha, North African Berbers ); 〕 has been popularized by Berber activists since the second half of the 20th century. Before the establishment of modern nation states in the region during the mid-20th century, ''Maghreb'' most commonly referred to a smaller area between the Atlas Mountains in the south and the Mediterranean Sea, often also including eastern Libya, but not modern Mauritania. As recently as the late 19th century it was used to refer to the Western Mediterranean region of coastal North Africa in general, and to Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in particular.〔 Partially isolated from the rest of the continent by the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara desert, inhabitants of the northern parts of the Maghreb have long had commercial and cultural ties to the inhabitants of the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe and Western Asia, going back at least to the Phoenicians in the 1st millennium BC (the Phoenician colony of Carthage having been founded, according to tradition, in what is now Tunisia circa 800 BC). The region was somewhat unified as an independent political entity during the rule of the Berber kingdom of Numidia, which was followed by Roman Empire's rule or influence. That was followed by the brief invasion of the Germanic Vandals, the equally brief re-establishment of a weak Byzantine rule by the Byzantine Empire, the rule of the Islamic Caliphates under the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Fatimids. The most enduring rule was that of the local Berber empires of the Almoravids, Almohads, Hammadids, Zirids, Marinids, and Wattasids (to name some of those among the most prominent) from the 8th to 13th centuries. The Ottoman Turks ruled the region as well. Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya established the Maghreb Union in 1989 to promote cooperation and economic integration in a common market. It was envisioned initially by Muammar Gaddafi as an Arab superstate. The union included Western Sahara implicitly under Morocco's membership,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=L'Union du Maghreb arabe )〕 putting Morocco's long cold war with Algeria to a rest. However, this progress was short-lived, and the union is now frozen. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco over Western Sahara re-emerged strongly, reinforced by the unsolved borderline issue between the two countries. These two main conflicts have hindered progress on the union's joint goals and practically made it inactive as a whole.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Maghreb )〕 However, the instability in the region and growing cross-border security threats revived the calls for regional cooperation – foreign ministers of the Arab Maghreb Union declared a need for coordinated security policy in May 2015 during the 33rd session of the follow-up committee meeting which brings back the hope of some form of cooperation.〔 North Africa Post (2015) "Maghreb Countries Urged to Devise Common Security Strategy, Integration Project Remains Deadlocked" http://northafricapost.com/7594-maghreb-countries-urged-to-devise-common-security-strategy-integration-project-remains-deadlocked.html 〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Greater Maghreb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|