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Maksutov telescope
The Maksutov is a catadioptric telescope design that combines a spherical mirror with a weakly negative meniscus lens in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical".〔(John J. G. Savard, "Miscellaneous Musings" )〕 The negative lens is usually full diameter and placed at the entrance pupil of the telescope (commonly called a "corrector plate" or "meniscus corrector shell"). The design corrects the problems of off-axis aberrations such as coma found in reflecting telescopes while also correcting chromatic aberration. It was patented in 1941 by Russian optician Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov.〔''Firefly astronomy dictionary by John Woodruff'' page 135 (Google Books )〕〔 Maksutov based his design on the idea behind the Schmidt camera of using the spherical errors of a negative lens to correct the opposite errors in a spherical primary mirror. The design is most commonly seen in a Cassegrain variation, with an integrated secondary, that can use all-spherical elements, thereby simplifying fabrication. Maksutov telescopes have been sold on the amateur market since the 1950s.
==Invention==
Dmitri Maksutov may have been working with the idea of pairing a spherical primary mirror in conjunction with a negative meniscus lens as far back as 1936. His notes from that time on the function of Mangin mirrors, an early catadioptric spotlight reflector consisting of negative lens with silvering on the back side, include a sketch of Mangin mirror with the mirror part and the negative lens separated into two elements.〔(Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescope )〕 Maksutov seems to have picked up the idea again in 1941 war-torn Europe as a variation on an earlier design that paired a spherical mirror with a negative lens, Bernhard Schmidt's 1931 "Schmidt Camera".〔〔(Evolution of the Maksutov design )〕 Maksutov claimed to have come up with the idea of replacing the complex Schmidt corrector plate with an all-spherical "meniscus corrector plate" while riding in a train of refugees from Leningrad.〔(Armstrong, E. B., "Geometrical Optics and the Schmidt Camera", Irish Astronomical Journal, vol. 1(2), p. 48 )〕 Maksutov is described as patenting his design in May,〔 August, or October 1941〔(Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescopes By Eduard Trigubov and Yuri Petrunin )〕 and building a "Maksutov–Gregorian"-style prototype in October 1941.〔 Maksutov came up with the unique idea using an "achromatic corrector", a corrector made of a single type of glass with a weak negative meniscus shape that departed from the pure concentric spherical symmetrical shape to correct chromatic aberration.〔("Astronomical optics" By D. J. Schroeder, page 202 )〕
Similar independent meniscus telescope designs were also patented in 1941:
Albert Bouwers (his 1941 concentric meniscus telescope), K. Penning〔(Handbook of Optical Systems, Survey of Optical Instruments, by Herbert Gross, Hannfried Zügge, Fritz Blechinger, Bertram Achtner, page 806 )〕 and Dennis Gabor (a catadioptric non-monocentric design).〔(Lens design fundamentals, by Rudolf Kingslake, page 313 )〕 Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each other's designs, leading to each being an independent invention.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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