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Maktab ((アラビア語:مكتب)) or Maktabeh ((アラビア語:مكتبة)) or Maktabkhaneh ((ペルシア語:مكتب، مکتبخانه)) (other transliterations include ''makteb'', ''mekteb'', ''mektep'', ''meqteb'', ''maqtab''), also called a Kuttab ((アラビア語:الكتَّاب) ') “school” is an Arabic word meaning elementary schools. Though it was primarily used for teaching children in reading, writing, grammar and Islamic studies such as Qira'at (Quranic recitation), other practical and theoretical subjects were also often taught.〔 Until the 20th century, ''maktabs'' were the only means of mass education in much of the Islamic world. Maktab refers to only elementary schools in Arabic. ''Maktab'' is used in Dari Persian in Afghanistan as an equivalent term to school, including both primary and secondary schools. Avicenna used the word maktab in the same sense. Maktabs or kuttābs are an old-fashioned method of education in Egypt and Muslim majority countries, in which a sheikh teaches a group of students who sit in front of him on the ground. The curriculum includes Islam and Quranic Arabic, but focused mainly on memorising the Quran. With the development of modern schools, the number of kuttabs has declined. Kuttāb means "writers", plural '' / ''. In common Modern Arabic usage, ''maktab'' means "office" while ''maktabah'' means "library" or "(place of) study" and ''kuttāb'' is a plural word meaning "books". ==History== In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a ''maktab'', which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madrasahs (which referred to higher education), a ''maktab'' was often attached to a mosque.〔 In the 16th century, the Sunni Islamic jurist Ibn Hajar al-Haytami discussed ''Maktab'' schools. In response to a petition from a retired Shia Islamic judge who ran a ''Madhab'' elementary school for orphans, al-Haytami issues a fatwa outlining a structure of ''maktab'' education that prevented any physical or economic exploitation of enrolled orphans. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher, Ibn Sina (known as ''Avicenna'' in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter dealing with the ''maktab'' entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children", as a guide to teachers working at ''maktab'' schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sina described the curriculum of a ''maktab'' school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a ''maktab'' school. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maktab」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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