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''Mammomonogamus'' is a genus of parasitic nematode of the family Syngamidae that parasitises the respiratory tracts of cattle, sheep, goats, deer, cats, orangutans, and elephants. The nematode can also infect humans and cause the disease called mammomonogamiasis.〔Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S. CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates, no 7. Keys to genera of superfamily Strongyloidea. ''Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux'', England, 1980.〕 Several known species fall under the ''Mammomonogamus'' genus, but the most common species found to infest humans is ''Mammomonogamus laryngeus''. Infection in humans is very rare, with only about 100 reported cases worldwide, and assumed to be largely accidental.〔Nosanchuk, J.S., Wade, S.E., and Landolf, M (1995). Case Report of and Description of Parasite in Mammomonogamus laryngeus (Human Syngamosis) Infection. ''J of Clinical Microbiology''. 33: 998–1000.〕 Cases have been reported from the Caribbean, China, Korea, Thailand, and Philippines. The worm usually inhabits the upper-respiratory region in the trachea, bronchus, or larynx, and can elicit chronic coughing and asthma-like symptoms.〔Weinstein, L., and A. Molovi. 1971. Syngamus laryngeus infection (Syngamosis) with chronic cough. Ann. Intern. Med. 74:577–580.〕 One interesting case from Thailand reported finding worms in the patient's duodenum, suggesting ''M. laryngeus'' can also be a gastrointestinal parasite.〔 More research is needed because the life cycle is not completely known. Diagnosis is made by recovering the worms on bronchoscopy or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. Due to the scant amount of information available on this parasite in literature, increased awareness is necessary, especially in endemic areas near ''M. laryngeus’'' reservoir hosts, for clinicians, the local population in the endemic area, and traveling tourists to effectively recognize and prevent mammomonogamiasis. ==Taxonomic classification== Classification places ''Mammomonogamus'' in the Syngamidae family. The Syngamidae are in the Strongyloidae superfamily and Strongylata order, making them close relatives to hookworms and other nematodes.〔 The generic name ''Mammomonogamus'' is derived from the Latin root ''mammo-'' (breast) and the Greek roots ''mono'' (single) and ''gamus'' (marriage),〔de Lara, T. de A., Barbosa, M.A., de Oliveira, M.R., de Godoy, I., and Queluz, T.T. (1993). Human syngamosis: Two cases of chronic cough caused by Mammomonogamus laryngeus. ''Chest''. 103(1): 264-5.〕 which most likely is referring to the distinct characteristic of the male and female worm acting as a single unit through the male being joined in permanent copulation to the middle portion of the female’s body. Species within this genus are ''M. laryngeus'', ''M. nasicola'', and ''M. gangguiensis''.〔 Only ''M. laryngeus'' is known to infect and cause disease in humans.〔 Because of the close resemblance of ''M. laryngeus'' to the gapeworm from the ''Syngamus'' genus that commonly infect birds, ''M. laryngeus'' was originally called ''Syngamus laryngeus'' and ''Syngamus kingi''.〔 The classification was revised in 1948 when Ryzhikov reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the Syngamidae family and recategorized the parasite as ''M. laryngeus''. Infestation with ''M. laryngeus'' has been called mammomonogamiasis, mammomonogamosis, syngamosis, or syngamiasis〔(), Mammomonogamiasis. GIDEON Infectious Diseases: Diseases. Accessed 5 Feb. 2009.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mammomonogamus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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