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Manifesta, the roving European Biennial of Contemporary Art, is a European pan-regional contemporary cultural biennale, described in 2010 by the ''Wall Street Journal'' as "stunning in its scope and uncompromisingly experimental in its approach". ==History== Manifesta began as a Dutch initiative to create a pan-European platform for the contemporary visual arts. Unlike most biennials, Manifesta is held in a different location each time it is held, and the concept of an itinerant event first took shape in Rotterdam in 1996, in consultation with a specially appointed International Advisory Board (the forerunner of the present International Foundation), and the support of various national governmental arts organisations and ministries of culture in Europe. The main office of the International Foundation Manifesta, initiator of the various editions of the Manifesta Biennial is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands.〔(M A N I F E S T A )〕 Manifesta developed into a fast-growing network for young professionals in Europe and one of the most innovative biennial exhibition programme to be held anywhere. This is due, in no small measure, to its pan-European ambitions and its uniquely nomadic nature. Both the network and the exhibition, with its related activities, are equally important components of this itinerant event. Manifesta offers a platform for emerging artists, on the basis of a networking organisation, which is able to respond flexibly to new artistic, technological and cultural developments. The most obvious aspects of Manifesta's inbuilt flexibility is the fact that a new, pan-European theme or concept is developed on each occasion by a team of outside curators, working in close consultation with representatives of all kind of cultural, social, academic institutions in the host city. In other words, each new edition aims to establish a close dialogue between a specific cultural and artistic situation and the broader context of European visual contemporary art. Manifesta 1 was held in Rotterdam, Netherlands in 1996 in 16 different museums and 36 public spaces. A team of five curators, from Barcelona, Budapest, London, Moscow, and Paris/Zurich, selected 72 artists from 30 different European countries and five from elsewhere. Since then it has been held in Luxembourg (1998), Ljubljana (2000), Frankfurt (2002) and San Sebastian (Spain) in 2004. The event was due to be held in the ethnically-divided city of Nicosia, Cyprus, in 2006 but was cancelled at the last moment. In 2008 Manifesta 7 took place in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy. Manifesta 8 took place in the region of Murcia Spain in 2010. Manifesta 9 took place in 2012 in the region of Limburg, Belgium. The Manifesta biennials and organization have not operated without controversy. The most notable problem was in 2006 when the event, planned to be held in Cyprus, was met with opposition from Cypriot artists.〔Dr. Michael Paraskos, ("In darkest Cyprus: Manifesta 6" ), ''The Cyprus Weekly'', 20–26 January 2006.〕 It was cancelled due to political reasons and relocated to Berlin.〔("Manifesta Destiny" ), ''ArtForum'', 11 April 2006. Retrieved 2013-09-24.〕 Manifesta Foundation is Ambassador for European Culture within the framework of the EACEA Culture Programme 2007–2013 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manifesta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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