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A mansard or mansard roof (also called a ''French roof'' or ''curb roof'') is a four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterized by two slopes on each of its sides with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper.〔AMHER, 4th edition, 2000: mansard.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Princeton University )〕 The steep roof with windows creates an additional floor of habitable space,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Michael Roberts & Associates )〕 (a garret), and reduces the overall height of the roof for a given number of habitable stories. The upper slope of the roof may not be visible from street level when viewed from close proximity to the building. The earliest known example of a mansard roof is credited to Pierre Lescot on part of the Louvre built around 1550. This roof design was popularized in the early 17th century by François Mansart (1598–1666), an accomplished architect of the French Baroque period. It became especially fashionable during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) of Napoléon III. ''Mansard'' in Europe also means the attic (garret) space itself, not just the roof shape and is often used in Europe to mean a gambrel roof. == Identification == Two distinct traits of the mansard roof – steep sides and a double pitch – sometimes lead to it being confused with other roof types. Since the upper slope of a mansard roof is rarely visible from the ground, a conventional single-plane roof with steep sides may be misidentified as a mansard roof. The gambrel roof style, commonly seen in barns in North America, is a close cousin of the mansard. Both mansard and gambrel roofs fall under the general classification of "curb roofs" (a pitched roof that slopes away from the ridge in two successive planes). However, the mansard is a curb hip roof, with slopes on all sides of the building, and the gambrel is a curb gable roof, with slopes on only two sides. (The ''curb'' is a horizontal, heavy timber directly under the intersection of the two roof surfaces.) ''French roof'' is often used as a synonym for a mansard but is also defined as an American variation〔"French". (1998). In ''The Chambers Dictionary'' (1998 ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. 638.〕 of a mansard with the lower pitches nearly vertical and larger in proportion to the upper pitches.〔Sturgis, R. (1902). French roof. In ''A dictionary of architecture and building, biographical, historical and descriptive: Vol. 3'' (Vol. 3, p. 358). New York: Macmillan. 〕〔Whitney, W. D., & Smith, B. E. (1906). Roof. def. 6. In ''The Century dictionary and cyclopedia: A work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge, with a new atlas of the world'' (Vol. 6, p. 5221). New York: Century.〕 A significant difference between the two, for snow loading and water drainage, is that, when seen from above, Gambrel roofs culminate in a long, sharp point at the main roof beam, whereas mansard roofs always form a low-pitched roof. In France and Germany, no distinction is made between gambrels and mansards – they are both called "mansards". In the French language, ''mansarde'' can be a term for the style of roof, or for the garret living space, or attic, directly within it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mansard roof」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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