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Mantellodon
''Mantellodon'' (meaning "Gideon Mantell's tooth") is a genus of styracosternan ornithopod. The type species is ''Mantellodon carpenteri''. The holotype specimen is NHMUK R3741 consisting of a partial associated postcranial skeleton. It was formerly referred to ''Iguanodon''.
==History==
The type specimen of ''M. carpenteri'' was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, owned by William Harding Benstead, in February 1834 (lower Lower Greensand Formation). In June 1834 it was acquired for £ 25 by scientist Gideon Mantell.〔Norman, D.B., 1993, "Gideon Mantell’s “Mantel-piece”: the earliest well-preserved ornithischian dinosaur", ''Modern Geology'' 18: 225-245〕 He was led to identify it as an ''Iguanodon'' based on its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab was utilized in the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of ''Iguanodon'', but due to its incompleteness, Mantell made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose. The discovery of much better specimens of ''Iguanodon bernissartensis'' in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an ''Iguanodon'' as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949. This specimen has become linked with the name ''I. mantelli'', a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of ''I. anglicus'', but it actually comes from a different formation than the original ''I. mantelli''/''I. anglicus'' material. The Maidstone specimen, also known as Gideon Mantell's "Mantel-piece", and formally labelled NHMUK 3741〔 was subsequently excluded from ''Iguanodon''. It is classified as ''cf.'' ''Mantellisaurus'' by McDonald (2012); as cf. ''Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis'' by Norman (2012);〔 and made the holotype of a separate genus and species ''Mantellodon carpenteri'' by Gregory S. Paul (2012). The generic name combines Mantell's name with a Greek ''odon'', "tooth", analogous to ''Iguanodon''. The specific name honours Kenneth Carpenter for his work on dinosaurs in general and iguandonts in particular.〔
Shortly after the discovery, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act–era British politics and science. Owen, at the time a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ("transmutationism") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 ft), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.〔Torrens, Hugh. "Politics and Paleontology". ''The Complete Dinosaur,'' 175–190.〕
In 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Mantell realised that that the genus today known as ''Mantellodon'' was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs; however, his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades.〔 With Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, Owen had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two ''Mantellodon'', one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing ''Mantellodon'' was completed, a banquet for twenty was held inside it.〔Norman, David B. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs.'' p. 11.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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