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Mantophasmatidae
Mantophasmatidae is a family of carnivorous insects within the order Notoptera, which was discovered in Africa in 2001.〔K.-D. Klass, O. Zompro, N.P. Kristensen, J. Adis. Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order with extant members in the afrotropics Science, 296 (2002), pp. 1456–1459〕〔Adis, J., O. Zompro, E. Moombolah-Goagoses, and E. Marais. 2002. Gladiators: A new order of insect. Scientific American 287:60-65.〕 Originally, the group was regarded as an order in its own right, and named Mantophasmatodea, but based on recent evidence indicating a sister group relationship with Grylloblattidae (formerly classified in the order Grylloblattodea),〔Terry, M.D., and M.F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21(3): 240–257.〕 Arillo & Engel have combined the two groups into a single order, Notoptera.〔(Arillo, A. & M. Engel (2006) Rock Crawlers in Baltic Amber (Notoptera: Mantophasmatodea). American Museum Novitates 3539:1-10 )〕
==Overview==
The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they also are called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and colloquially, mantos. Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia (Brandberg Massif),〔Zompro, O.; Adis, J.; Weitschat, W. 2002. A review of the order Mantophasmatodea (Insecta). Zoologischer Anzeiger 241: 269–279. 〕 although a relict population, and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.
Mantophasmatodea are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a mix between praying mantids and phasmids, and molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to the equally enigmatic group Grylloblattodea.〔〔 Initially, the gladiators were described from old museum specimens that originally were found in Namibia (''Mantophasma zephyrum'') and Tanzania (''M. subsolanum''), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber (''Raptophasma kerneggeri'').
Live specimens were found in Namibia by an international expedition in early 2002; ''Tyrannophasma gladiator'' was found on the Brandberg Massif, and ''Mantophasma zephyrum'' was found on the Erongoberg Massif.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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