|
}} |honorific-prefix = Chairman |image = Mao_Zedong_portrait.jpg |caption = Official portrait of Mao Zedong which hangs at Tiananmen |nationality = Chinese |order = 1st Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China |1blankname = |1namedata = Liu Shaoqi Lin Biao Zhou Enlai Hua Guofeng |term = June 19, 1945 – September 9, 1976 |predecessor= Himself (as Central Politburo Chairman) |successor = Hua Guofeng |order1 = 1st Chairman of the Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China |term_start1 = March 20, 1943 |term_end1 = April 24, 1969 |predecessor1= Zhang Wentian (as Central Committee General Secretary) |successor1= Himself (as Central Committee Chairman) |birth_date = |birth_place = Shaoshan, Hunan, China |death_date = |death_place = Beijing, China |resting_place = Chairman Mao Memorial Hall, Beijing, China |occupation= Revolutionary, statesman |spouse = Luo Yixiu (1907–1910) Yang Kaihui (1920–1930) He Zizhen (1930–1937) Jiang Qing (1939–1976) |children = 10 |signature = Mao Zedong signature.svg |party = Communist Party of China |otherparty = Kuomintang (1925-1926) |order2 = Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission |term2 = August 23, 1945 – September 21, 1949 September 8, 1954 – September 9, 1976 |predecessor2 = Position created |successor2 = Hua Guofeng |order3 = 1st Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC |term3 = September 21, 1949 – December 25, 1954 Honorary Chairman December 25, 1954 – September 9, 1976 |predecessor3 = Position created |successor3 = Zhou Enlai |order4 = 1st Chairman of the People's Republic of China |premier4 = Zhou Enlai |deputy4 = Zhu De |term_start4 = September 27, 1954 |term_end4 = April 27, 1959 |predecessor4 = Position created |successor4 = Liu Shaoqi |office5 = Member of the National People's Congress |term5 = September 15, 1954 – April 18, 1959 December 21, 1964 – September 9, 1976 |constituency7 = Beijing At-large }} Mao Zedong (), also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His Marxist–Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought. Born the son of a wealthy farmer in Shaoshan, Hunan, Mao adopted a Chinese nationalist and anti-imperialist outlook in early life, particularly influenced by the events of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement of 1919. Mao converted to Marxism–Leninism while working at Peking University and became a founding member of the Communist Party of China (CPC), leading the Autumn Harvest Uprising in 1927. During the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CPC, Mao helped to found the Red Army, led the Jiangxi Soviet's radical land policies and ultimately became head of the CPC during the Long March. Although the CPC temporarily allied with the KMT under the United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), after Japan's defeat China's civil war resumed and in 1949 Mao's forces defeated the Nationalists who withdrew to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a single-party state controlled by the CPC. In the following years Mao solidified his control through land reform campaigns against landlords, and perceived enemies of the state he termed as "counter-revolutionaries". In 1957 he launched a campaign known as the Great Leap Forward that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from an agrarian economy to an industrial one, which led to a widespread famine whose death toll is estimated at between 18 and 45 million. In 1966, he initiated the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a program to remove "counter-revolutionary" elements of Chinese society that lasted 10 years and which was marked by violent class struggle, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts and unprecedented elevation of Mao's personality cult.〔"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the . People's Republic of China," (Adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on June 27, 1981 ''Resolution on CPC History (1949–81).'' (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981). p. 32.〕 In 1972, Mao welcomed US president Richard Nixon in Beijing, signalling a policy of opening China, which was furthered under Deng Xiaoping's rule in China. A controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important individuals in modern world history. His actions led to the death of tens of millions of his own people, placing him among the ranks of 20th century dictators Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Supporters credit him with driving imperialism out of China,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://blog.eteacherchinese.com/history-of-china/chinese-leader-mao-zedong-part-i/ )〕 modernising China and building it into a world power, promoting the status of women, improving education and health care, and increasing life expectancy as China's population grew from around 550 to over 900 million during the period of his leadership.〔''The Cambridge Illustrated History of China'', by Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 0-521-12433-6, pp. 327〕〔''Atlas of World History'', by Patrick Karl O'Brien, Oxford University Press US, 2002, ISBN 0-19-521921-X, pp 254, (link )〕 He is also known as a theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary.〔 "''Mao had an extraordinary mix of talents: he was visionary, statesman, political and military strategist of cunning intellect, a philosopher and poet.''"〕 In contrast, critics consider him a dictator who severely damaged traditional Chinese culture, as well as a perpetrator of systematic human rights abuses who was responsible for an estimated 40 to 70 million deaths through starvation, forced labour and executions, ranking his tenure as the top incidence of democide in human history.〔Rummel, R. J. ''(China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 )'' Transaction Publishers, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-417-X p. 205: In light of recent evidence, Rummel has increased Mao's democide toll to (77 million ); Daniel Jonah Goldhagen. ''Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity.'' PublicAffairs, 2009. ISBN 1-58648-769-8 p. 53: "... the Chinese communists' murdering of a mind-boggling number of people, perhaps between 50 million and 70 million Chinese, and an additional 1.2 million Tibetans."〕〔 ==Early life== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mao Zedong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|