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The Maratha (; archaically transliterated as Marhatta or Mahratta) is a group of castes in India found predominantly in the state of Maharashtra. According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Marathas are people of India, famed in history as yeoman warriors and champions of Hinduism."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Maratha (people) )〕 The Marathas primarily reside in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Goa and Tamil Nadu. Those in Goa and neighbouring Karwar are known specifically as Konkan Marathas as an affiliation to their regional and linguistic alignment.〔 Robert Vane Russell, an untrained ethnologist of the British Raj period, basing his research largely on Vedic literature, wrote that the Marathas are subdivided into 96 different clans, known as the ''96 Kuli Marathas'' or 'Shahānnau Kule' Shahannau means 96 in Marathi. The general body of lists are often at great variance with each other. ==History== (詳細はMaratha empire. It has been subject to distortion, in part because of the extreme veneration of Shivaji that appeared in documents and hagiographies from the late 17th century until fairly recent times and in part because of misunderstandings that arose from inquiries relating to pre-colonial Maratha government by British Raj administrators from around the 1820s onwards. In addition, there was substantial rethinking of the past due to the British attempts to categorise the country in terms of caste and because of "debates" that emerged between Christian missionaries in the middle of the 19th century. A number of Maratha warriors, including Shivaji's father, Shahaji, served the various Deccan sultanates. By the mid-1660s, Shivaji's revolt against Aurangzeb, who was then the Mughal ruler, had proved to be an unusually successful example of a commonplace occurrence. He was able to establish an independent Maratha kingdom within the Bijapur Sultanate and he successfully defended it against Aurangzeb's attempts to topple him. These successes involved an alliance of Hindus including Brahmins and Shivaji's status as a Hindu king was legitimized by his coronation. After the death of Aurangzeb, Shivaji's grandson Shahu became ruler of the Marathas in 1707; during his rule he appointed Peshwas as the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire. The Maratha Empire expanded greatly by Bajirao Peshwa and other Maratha Sardars like Shinde (Gwalior), Holkar (Indore), Gaekwad (Baroda), Bhonsale (Nagpur) and Puar (Dhar/Dewas), at its peak stretching from Tamil Nadu〔Mehta, J. L. (''Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813'' )〕 in the south, to Peshawar(modern-day Pakistan) on the Afghanistan border in the north, and with expeditions to Bengal in the east. The Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali, amongst others, was unwilling to allow the Maratha's gains to go unchecked. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Abdali's forces, which halted their imperial expansion. Ten years after the battle of Panipat, Madhavrao Peshwa reinstated Maratha authority over North India. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, semi-autonomy was given to strongest of the knights, creating a confederacy of Maratha states. They became known as Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, the Puars of Dhar & Dewas and Bhonsales of Nagpur. In 1775, the British East India Company intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became known as the First Anglo-Maratha War. The Maratha empire remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British colonists in the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818). Through the British East Indian Company, Britain then controlled most of India. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maratha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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