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Marduk (Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: dAMAR.UTU "solar calf"; Greek ,〔identified with Marduk by Heinrich Zimmeren (1862-1931), ''Stade's Zeitschrift'' 11, p. 161.〕 ''Mardochaios'') was a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia an patron deity of the city of Babylon. When Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi (18th century BC), he slowly started to rise to the position of the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully acquired by the second half of the second millennium BC. In the city of Babylon, he resided in the temple Esagila. "Marduk" is the Babylonian form of his name.〔Helmer Ringgren, (1974) ''Religions of The Ancient Near East'', Translated by John Sturdy, The Westminster Press, p. 66.〕 According to ''The Encyclopedia of Religion'', the name ''Marduk'' was probably pronounced ''Marutuk''. The etymology of the name ''Marduk'' is conjectured as derived from ''amar-Utu'' ("bull calf of the sun god Utu").〔 The origin of Marduk's name may reflect an earlier genealogy, or have had cultural ties to the ancient city of Sippar (whose god was Utu, the sun god), dating back to the third millennium BC.〔The Encyclopedia of Religion - Macmillan Library Reference USA - Vol. 9 - Page 201〕 In the perfected system of astrology, the planet Jupiter was associated with Marduk by the Hammurabi period.〔Jastrow, Jr., Morris (1911). ''Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria'', G.P. Putnam's Sons: New York and London. pp. 217-219.〕 ==Mythology== ===Babylonian=== Marduk's original character is obscure but he was later associated with water, vegetation, judgment, and magic.〔(L. McKenzie, Dictionary of the Bible, Simon & Schuster, 1965 p 541. )〕 His consort was the goddess Sarpanit.〔Helmer Ringgren, (1974) ''Religions of The Ancient Near East'', Translated by John Sturdy, The Westminster Press, p. 67.〕 He was also regarded as the son of Ea (Sumerian Enki) and Damkina and the heir of Anu, but whatever special traits Marduk may have had were overshadowed by the political development through which the Euphrates valley passed and which led to people of the time imbuing him with traits belonging to gods who in an earlier period were recognized as the heads of the pantheon. There are particularly two gods—Ea and Enlil—whose powers and attributes pass over to Marduk. In the case of Ea, the transfer proceeded pacifically and without effacing the older god. Marduk took over the identity of Asarluhi, the son of Ea and god of magic, so that Marduk was integrated in the pantheon of Eridu where both Ea and Asarluhi originally came from. Father Ea voluntarily recognized the superiority of the son and hands over to him the control of humanity. This association of Marduk and Ea, while indicating primarily the passing of the supremacy once enjoyed by Eridu to Babylon as a religious and political centre, may also reflect an early dependence of Babylon upon Eridu, not necessarily of a political character but, in view of the spread of culture in the Euphrates valley from the south to the north, the recognition of Eridu as the older centre on the part of the younger one. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marduk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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