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Maremmana
The Maremmana is a breed of cattle reared in the Maremma, a former marshland region in southern Tuscany and northern Lazio in central Italy. It is raised principally in the provinces of Grosseto, Rome and Viterbo.〔(Consistenze al 31.12.2012 ) (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne. Accessed December 2013.〕 Primitive lines of Maremmana cattle may be called Maremmana Primitiva, and are classed as a Tipo Genetico Autoctona e Antica ("ancient and autochthonous genotype").
==History==
The origins of the Maremmana breed are entirely obscure. Some sources maintain that the Maremmana descends from the ''Bos taurus macrocerus'' of which archeological evidence is preserved in the Etruscan remains of Caere and Vetulonia, with a later admixture of Podolic cattle brought into the Italian peninsula by the Huns and other invaders from the East.〔 Others suggest that the Maremmana is a direct descendant of those Asiatic grey cattle,〔(La Maremmana ) (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne. Accessed December 2013.〕 while still others maintain that it descends directly from the aurochs, ''Bos primigenius primigenius''.〔F. Ciani, A. Giorgetti, C. Sargentini, M. Occidente, D. Matassino (2010). (Bovino Maremmano "Primitivo": Ecologia, origine, Etologia e allevamento ) (in Italian). ''Taurus'' 21(4): 21-34〕
For centuries large herds of Maremmana cattle were raised in the malarial marshlands of the Maremma, herded by the butteri, the mounted herdsmen of the region. Between 1737 and 1859 Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg Grand-Dukes, who sent Maremmano bulls to their estates in Hungary to improve their Hungarian Grey Cattle. Following the drainage of the marshes in the Battle for Land of the Fascist era, and consequent destruction of the wetland habitat, efforts were made to improve the breed, and in particular to increase its body weight, with considerable success. A herd book for the breed was opened in 1935.〔(Breed data sheet: Maremmana/Italy ). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed December 2013.〕
The Second World War and the mechanisation of agriculture caused a rapid fall in breed numbers. In 1956, a population of 157,387 head was recorded; in 2006, total breed numbers were 8812. In recent years there has been new recognition of the perfect adaptation of the breed to the harsh terrain and poor pastures of the Maremma, where the Maremmana is capable of surviving in a semi-feral state throughout the year with only minimal management on land that would otherwise be abandoned.〔 At the end of 2012 the total number recorded in the herd book for the breed was 9801.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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