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Marie Antoinette (, , or ; ; born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793), an Archduchess of Austria, was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Empress Maria Theresa. In April 1770, upon her marriage to Louis-Auguste, heir to the throne of France, she became Dauphine of France. On 10 May 1774, when her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI, upon the death of his grandfather Louis XV, she became Queen of France and Navarre, title she held until September 1791, when, at that time of the French Revolution, she became Queen of the French, title she held until 21 September 1792. After eight years of marriage, Marie Antoinette gave birth to a daughter, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, the first of her four children. Despite her initial popularity, a growing number of the population eventually came to dislike her, accusing ''L'Autrichienne'', "the Austrian woman" (a nickname given her upon her arrival to France by Louis XV's daughters, ''Mesdames de France''), of being profligate, promiscuous,〔C. f. "It is both impolitic and immoral for palaces to belong to a Queen of France" (part of a speech by a councilor in the ''Parlement de Paris'', early 1785, after Louis XVI bought the Château de Saint-Cloud in her name), quoted in 〕 and of harbouring sympathies for France's enemies, particularly her native Austria.〔C.f. the following quote: "She (Marie Antoinette) thus obtained promises from Louis XVI which were in contradiction with the Council's (of Louis XVI's ministers) decisions", quoted in 〕 The Diamond Necklace affair damaged her reputation further. During the Revolution, she became known as ''Madame Déficit'' because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to the social and financial reforms of Turgot and Necker. During the Revolution, after the government had placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789, several events linked to Marie Antoinette, in particular the June 1791 attempt to flee, and her role in the War of the First Coalition, had disastrous effects on French popular opinion. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly, and on 13 August the family was imprisoned in the Temple. On 21 September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. After a two-day trial begun on 14 October 1793, Marie Antoinette was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason, and executed by guillotine on ''Place de la Révolution'' on 16 October 1793. ==Early life (1755-1770)== Maria Antonia was born on 2 November 1755 at the Hofburg Palace, in Vienna. She was the youngest daughter of Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa. Her godparents were Joseph I and Mariana Victoria, King and Queen of Portugal; Archduke Joseph and Archduchess Maria Anna acted as proxies for their newborn sister.〔〔Michel de Decker: ''Marie-Antoinette, les dangereuses liaisons de la reine'', France Loisirs, 2005, p. 12.〕 Shortly after her birth, she was placed under the care of the Governess of the Imperial children, Countess von Brandeis.〔Marie Célestine Amélie de Ségur d'Armaillé: ''Marie-Thérèse et Marie-Antoinette'', Didier, 1870, p. 47.〕 Maria Antonia was raised with her three-year older sister Maria Carolina, with whom she had a lifelong close relationship. As to her relationship with her mother, it was difficult but both the empress and her daughter loved each other. Maria Antonia spent her formative years between the Hofburg Palace and Schönnbrunn, the imperial summer residence in Vienna,〔Michel de Decker: ''Marie-Antoinette, les dangereuses liaisons de la reine'', France Loisirs, 2005, p. 14.〕 where on 13 October 1762 she met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, then a child prodigy.〔Philippe Delorme: ''Marie-Antoinette. Épouse de Louis XVI, mère de Louis XVII'', Pygmalion Éditions, 1999, p. 13.〕〔Michel de Decker: ''Marie-Antoinette, les dangereuses liaisons de la reine'', France Loisirs, 2005, p. 15.〕〔Marie Célestine Amélie de Ségur d'Armaillé: ''Marie-Thérèse et Marie-Antoinette'', Didier, 1870, p. 34.〕〔Évelyne Lever: ''C'était Marie-Antoinette'', Fayard, 2006, p. 14.〕 In spite of the private tutoring she received, results of her schooling were less than satisfactory. At the age of ten, she could not write correctly in German or in any language commonly used at court, such as French and Italian.〔France Loisirs, Michel de Decker, 2005, p.16〕 Conversations with her were stilted.〔France Loisirs, Michel de Decker, 2005, p.17〕 Under the teaching of Christoph Willibald Gluck, Maria Antonia developed into a good musician. She learned to play the harp,〔 the harpsichord and the flute. During the family's gatherings in the evenings, she would sing, as she had a beautiful voice. She also excelled at dancing, had an "exquisite" poise,〔 and loved dolls.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marie Antoinette」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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