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Markeli ((ブルガリア語:Маркели); (ギリシア語:Μαρκέλλαι), ''Markellai''; (ラテン語:Marcellae)) was a medieval Byzantine and Bulgarian frontier stronghold, the ruins of which are located in Karnobat Municipality, Burgas Province, southeastern Bulgaria. Dating to Late Antiquity, the castle lay some from the modern town of Karnobat. It was the site of two notable medieval battles between Byzantines and Bulgarians, the Battle of Marcellae of 756 and the Battle of Marcellae of 792. ==History== Markeli acquired its strategic importance in the late 7th century, when the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire and its expansion turned it into a vital frontier stronghold just south of the Balkan Mountains. It would often change hands between Bulgarians and Byzantines, who would use it as a favourable starting point for military campaigns southwards and northwards respectively. Markeli first came under Bulgarian rule in 705, when it, together with the whole region of Zagore, was ceded to Bulgaria by Justinian II. In 756, Byzantine Emperor Constantine V organized a campaign against Bulgaria. The previous year, Bulgarian forces under Tervel had plundered Byzantine Thrace and reached the capital Constantinople, though by 756 the Bulgarian throne was occupied by Vineh. Constantine V's army advanced into Thrace and was engaged by Bulgarian forces at Markeli, which at the time was a border fortress. The Byzantines came out victorious in the skirmish,〔 and to prevent a further invasion, the Bulgarian ruler Vineh had to send hostages to Constantinople. In 792, Markeli was once more in the centre of a major Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.〔 The second battle of Marcellae came during a long period of aggression between Byzantium and Bulgaria, with Bulgarian ruler Kardam and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI each invading foreign territory in the past few years. Due to strategic errors, the Byzantines suffered a heavy blow in this battle. Some of the emperor's personal servants and eminent ''strategoi'' were killed by the Bulgarians, who also captured the emperor's tent, treasury and horses.〔Златарски, pp. 316–317.〕 In 811, Nikephoros I Logothetes's forces departed from Markeli in their ill-fated invasion of Bulgaria,〔 which saw the emperor being killed at the hands of the Bulgarians in the Battle of Pliska.〔 〕〔Златарски, pp. 330–331.〕 Byzantine scholar Anna Komnene writes that in 1089 her father Alexios I Komnenos had conflicts and negotiations with the Pechenegs and Cumans who had pitched their tents at Markeli (''Marcella'').〔 The fortress was manned and populated until some time in the 12th century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Markeli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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