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Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line. It may also correlate with a societal system in which each person is identified with their matriline – their mother's lineage – and which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles. A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothersin other words, a "mother line". In a matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother. This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent from which a family name is usually derived. The ''matriline'' of historical nobility was also called her or his enatic or uterine ancestry (corresponding to the patrilineal "agnatic" ancestry). In some traditional societies and cultures, membership in their groups was – and, in the following list, still ''is'' if shown in ''italics'' – inherited matrilineally. Examples include the Cherokee, Choctaw, ''Gitksan'', Haida, Hopi, Iroquois, Lenape, Navajo and Tlingit of North America; the ''Minangkabau'' people of West Sumatra, Indonesia and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; the Nairs of Kerala and the Bunts and Billava of Karnataka in south India; the ''Khasi'', ''Jaintia'' and ''Garo'' of Meghalaya in northeast India; ''Muslims'' and the ''Tamils'' in eastern Sri Lanka; the ''Mosuo'' of China; the Basques of Spain and France; the ''Akan'' including the ''Ashanti'' of west Africa; virtually all groups across the so-called "matrilineal belt" of Central Africa; the ''Tuaregs'' of west and north Africa; the Kuna people of Panama; the ''Serer'' of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania; and most ''Jewish'' communities. == Early human kinship == In the late nineteenth century, almost all prehistorians and anthropologists believed, following Lewis H. Morgan's influential book ''Ancient Society'', that early human kinship was everywhere matrilineal.〔Murdock, G. P. 1949. ''Social Structure.'' London and New York: Macmillan, p. 185.〕 This idea was taken up by Friedrich Engels in his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. The Morgan-Engels thesis that humanity's earliest domestic institution was not the family but the matrilineal clan soon became incorporated into communist orthodoxy. In reaction, most twentieth-century social anthropologists considered the theory of matrilineal priority untenable,〔Malinowski, B. 1956. ''Marriage: Past and Present. A debate between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski,'' ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu. Boston: Porter Sargent.〕〔Harris, M. 1969. ''The Rise of Anthropological Theory.'' London: Routledge, p. 305.〕 although during the 1970s and 1980s, a range of feminist scholars often attempted to revive it.〔Leacock, E. B. 1981. ''Myths of Male Dominance. Collected articles on women cross-culturally.'' New York: Monthly Review Press.〕 In recent years, evolutionary biologists, geneticists and palaeoanthropologists have been reassessing the issues, many citing genetic and other evidence that early human kinship may have been matrilineal after all.〔Hrdy, S. B. 2009. ''Mothers and others. The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding.'' London and Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.〕〔Knight, C. 2008. (Early human kinship was matrilineal. ) In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61-82.〕〔Opie, K. and C. Power, 2009. ''Grandmothering and Female Coalitions. A basis for matrilineal priority?'' In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), ''Early Human Kinship.'' Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 168-186.〕〔Chris Knight, 2012. (Engels was Right: Early Human Kinship was Matriliineal. ) .〕 One crucial piece of indirect evidence has been genetic data suggesting that over thousands of years, women among sub-Saharan African hunter-gatherers have chosen to reside postmaritally not with their husbands' family but with their own mother and other natal kin.〔G Destro-Bisol, with F Donati, V Coia, I Boschi, F Verginelli, A Caglia, S Tofanelli, G Spednini and C Capelli, ‘Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors’ Molecular Biology and Evolution 21(9) 2004, pp1673-82.〕〔Verdu, P., Becker, N., Froment, A., Georges, M., Grugni, V., Quintana-Murci, L., Hombert, J-M., Van der Veen, L., Le Bomin, S., Bahuchet, S., Heyer, E. ,Austerlitz, F. (2013) Sociocultural behavior, sex-biased admixture and effective population sizes in Central African Pygmies and non-Pygmies ''Mol Biol Evol'', first published online January 7, 2013 doi:10.1093/molbev/mss328〕〔Schlebusch, C.M. (2010) Genetic variation in Khoisan-speaking populations from southern Africa. Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand this is available online, see pages following p.68, Fig 3.18 and p.180-81, fig 4.23 and p.243, p.287〕〔Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Redd AJ, Jarjanazi H, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Soodyall H and Zegura SL (2001a). Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity. ''Mol Biol Evol'' 18: 1189-203〕〔Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, et al., (2005). Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. ''Eur J Hum Genet'' 13: 867-76〕 Another line of argument is that when sisters and their mothers help each other with childcare, the descent line tends to be matrilineal rather than patrilineal.〔Wu J-J, He Q-Q, Deng L-L, Wang S-C, Mace R, Ji T, Tao Y. 2013 Communal breeding promotes a matrilineal social system where husband and wife live apart. Proc R Soc B 280: 20130010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0010〕 Biological anthropologists are now widely agreed that cooperative childcare was a development crucial in making possible the evolution of the unusually large human brain and characteristically human psychology.〔Burkart, J. M., S. B. Hrdy, and C. P. van Schaik. 2009. Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution. ''Evolutionary Anthropology'' 18:175– 186.〕 Putting these two findings together generally supports the idea that early human kinship was likely to have been matrilineal. == Matrilineal surname == (詳細はsurnames are names transmitted from mother to daughter, in contrast to the more familiar ''patrilineal surnames'' transmitted from father to son, the pattern most common across the world today. See Family name for an in-depth treatment of patrilineal (father-line) family names or surnames. For clarity and for brevity, the scientific terms ''patrilineal surname'' and ''matrilineal surname'' are usually abbreviated as ''patriname'' and ''matriname''.〔Sykes, Bryan (2001). ''The Seven Daughters of Eve''. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02018-5; pp. 291-2. Bryan Sykes uses "matriname" and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" as Sykes calls it) would really help in future genealogy work and historical record searches. Sykes also states (p. 292) that a woman's matriname will be handed down with her mtDNA, the main topic of his book.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Matrilineality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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