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René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou〔He was marquis de Morangles and de Bully, vicomte de Bruyères-le-Châtel.〕 (25 February 1714 – 29 July 1792) was a French lawyer, politician, and chancellor of France, whose attempts at reform signalled the failure of enlightened despotism in France. He is best known for his effort to destroy the system of parlements, which were powerful regional courts, in 1770-74. When King Louis XV died in 1774, the parlements were restored and Maupeou lost power. ==Early life== He was born in Montpellier to a family ennobled in the sixteenth century as ''noblesse de robe'', the eldest son of René Charles de Maupeou (1688–1775), who was president of the ''parlement'' of Paris from 1743 to 1757. In 1744 he married a rich heiress, Anne de Roncherolles (1725–1752), a cousin of Madame d'Épinay, the friend of Rousseau who moved in the circles of the ''Philosophes''. Entering public life, he was his father's right hand in the conflicts between the ''parlement'' and Christophe de Beaumont, archbishop of Paris, who was supported by the court. Between 1763 and 1768, dates which cover the revision of the Calas case that Voltaire had championed and the trial of the comte de Lally, Maupeou was himself president of the ''parlement''. In 1768,〔The patronage of the duc de Choiseul has been overplayed.〕 he became chancellor in succession to his father, who had held the office for a few days only, largely in order to permit him to retire with the prestigious title. With the disgrace of Choiseul, 24 December 1770, Maupeou was the chief minister. He determined to support the royal authority against the ''parlement'', the perennial block to reforms of the tax farming system or the privileges of the propertied classes, which in league with the provincial magistratures was seeking to arrogate to itself the functions of the states-general. He allied himself with the duc d'Aiguillon and the king's mistress Mme du Barry, and secured for a creature of his own, the Abbé Terray, the office of comptroller-general. The struggle erupted over the trial of the case of the duc d'Aiguillon, ex-governor of Brittany, and of La Chalotais, ''procureur-général'' of the province, who had been imprisoned by the governor for accusations against his administration. When the ''parlement'' showed signs of hostility against Aiguillon, Maupeou read letters patent from Louis XV annulling the proceedings. Louis replied to remonstrances from the ''parlement'' by a ''lit de justice'', in which he demanded the surrender of the procedural minutes. On 27 November 1770 appeared the ''Édit de règlement et de discipline'', which was promulgated by the chancellor, forbidding the union of the various branches of the ''parlement'' and correspondence with the provincial magistratures. It also made a strike on the part of the ''parlement'' punishable by confiscation of goods, and forbade further obstruction to the registration of royal decrees after the royal reply had been given to a first remonstrance. This edict the magistrates refused to register, and it was registered in a ''lit de justice'' held at Versailles on 7 December, whereupon the ''parlement'' was suspended in its functions. Maupeou reputedly held a fondness for ''Hatt'' lager (nowadays known as Kronenbourg Brewery), frequently having considerable quantities of the beverage transported to Versailles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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