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Maurice Merleau-Ponty (; 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest and he wrote on perception, art, and politics. He was on the editorial board of ''Les Temps modernes'', the leftist magazine created by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1945. At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role perception plays in understanding the world as well as engaging with the world. Like the other major phenomenologists, Merleau-Ponty expressed his philosophical insights in writings on art, literature, linguistics, and politics. He was the only major phenomenologist of the first half of the twentieth century to engage extensively with the sciences and especially with descriptive psychology. It is through this engagement that his writings have become influential in the recent project of naturalizing phenomenology, in which phenomenologists use the results of psychology and cognitive science. Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge, and maintained that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other. The articulation of the primacy of embodiment led him away from phenomenology towards what he was to call “indirect ontology” or the ontology of “the flesh of the world” (''la chair du monde''), seen in his last incomplete work, ''The Visible and Invisible'', and his last published essay, “Eye and Mind”. ==Life== Merleau-Ponty was born in 1908 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime, France. His father died in 1913 when Merleau-Ponty was five years old.〔Thomas Baldwin in Introduction to Merleau-Ponty's The World of Perception (New York: Routledge, 2008): 2.〕 After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil. He passed the agrégation in philosophy in 1930. An article published in French newspaper ''Le Monde'' in October 2014 makes the case of recent discoveries about Merleau-Ponty's likely authorship of the novel ''Nord. Récit de l'actique'' (Grasset, 1928). Convergent sources from close friends (Simone de Beauvoir, Elisabeth Lacoin) seem to leave little doubt about the fact that behind the pseudonym Jacques Heller, it is the 20-year-old Merleau-Ponty who is hiding.〔Emmanuel Alloa, "Merleau-Ponty, tout un roman", Le Monde | 23.10.2014 https://www.academia.edu/9041201/Un_roman_de_jeunesse_de_Merleau-Ponty_Nord_r%C3%A9cit_de_lArctique_1928_〕 Merleau-Ponty taught first at the Lycée de Beauvais (1931–33) and then got a fellowship to do research from the Caisse Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique. From 1934–1935 he taught at the Lycée de Chartres. He then in 1935 became a tutor at the École Normale Supérieure, where he was awarded his doctorate on the basis of two important books: ''La structure du comportement'' (1942) and ''Phénoménologie de la Perception'' (1945). After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952.〔Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Child Psychology and Pedagogy: The Sorbonne Lectures 1949-1952. Translated by Talia Welsh. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2010.〕 He was awarded the Chair of Philosophy at the Collège de France from 1952 until his death in 1961, making him the youngest person to have been elected to a Chair. Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for ''Les Temps modernes'' from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952. In his youth he had read Karl Marx's writings〔Martin Jay, (1986), ''Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukács to Habermas'', pages 361–85.〕 and Sartre even claimed that Merleau-Ponty converted him to Marxism.〔Martin Jay, (1986), ''Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukács to Habermas'', page 361.〕 Their friendship ended over a quarrel as he became disillusioned about communism, while Sartre still endorsed it. Merleau-Ponty died suddenly of a stroke in 1961 at age 53, apparently while preparing for a class on Descartes. He is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maurice Merleau-Ponty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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