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The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science ((ドイツ語:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.); abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes founded in 1948〔〔 and named in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany as well as other sources.〔 The Max Planck Society is the successor to Kaiser Wilhelm Society established in 1911.〔 According to its primary goal Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 83 (as of January 2014)〔 Max Planck Institutes.〔〔 The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.〔 Society budget for 2014 was about €1.6 billion.〔 The Max Planck Institutes focus on excellence in research. The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 33 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and are generally regarded as the foremost basic research organization in Europe and the world. In 2013, the Nature Publishing Index placed the Max Planck institutes fifth worldwide in terms of research published in ''Nature'' journals (after Harvard, MIT, Stanford and the US NIH).〔(Nature Publishing Index - 2013 Global Top 200 ), Nature Publishing Group〕 In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University.〔(The titans: Institutional rankings by output and citations ), Times Higher Education, 17 September 2009〕 The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University, in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.〔http://archive.sciencewatch.com/inter/ins/09/09Top20Overall/〕 The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein, to name a few. == History == The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, or ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft'' (KWG), a non-governmental research organisation named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organisations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of President of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former President (1930–37) Max Planck, who died in 1947. The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Times Higher Education Supplement )〕 of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States). The domain ''mpg.de'' attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://siteanalytics.compete.com/mpg.de?metric=uv )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Max Planck Society」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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