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Maximian ((ラテン語:Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius Augustus);〔In Classical Latin, Maximian's name would be inscribed as MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS HERCVLIVS AVGVSTVS.〕 c. 250 – c. July 310〔) was Roman Emperor from 286 to 305. He was ''Caesar''〔〔 from 285 to 286, then ''Augustus'' from 286〔 to 305.〔 He shared the latter title with his co-emperor and superior, Diocletian, whose political brain complemented Maximian's military brawn. Maximian established his residence at Trier but spent most of his time on campaign. In the late summer of 285, he suppressed rebels in Gaul known as the Bagaudae. From 285 to 288, he fought against Germanic tribes along the Rhine frontier. Together with Diocletian, he launched a scorched earth campaign deep into Alamannic territory in 288, temporarily relieving the Rhine provinces from the threat of Germanic invasion. The man he appointed to police the Channel shores, Carausius, rebelled in 286, causing the secession of Britain and northwestern Gaul. Maximian failed to oust Carausius, and his invasion fleet was destroyed by storms in 289 or 290. Maximian's subordinate, Constantius, campaigned against Carausius' successor, Allectus, while Maximian held the Rhine frontier. The rebel leader was ousted in 296, and Maximian moved south to combat piracy near Hispania and Berber incursions in Mauretania. When these campaigns concluded in 298, he departed for Italy, where he lived in comfort until 305. At Diocletian's behest, Maximian abdicated on May 1, 305, gave the Augustan office to Constantius, and retired to southern Italy. In late 306, Maximian took the title of Augustus again and aided his son Maxentius' rebellion in Italy. In April 307, he attempted to depose his son, but failed and fled to the court of Constantius' successor, Constantine (who was both Maximian's step-grandson and also his son-in-law), in Trier. At the Council of Carnuntum in November 308, Diocletian and his successor, Galerius, forced Maximian to renounce his imperial claim again. In early 310, Maximian attempted to seize Constantine's title while the emperor was on campaign on the Rhine. Few supported him, and he was captured by Constantine in Marseille. Maximian committed suicide in the summer of 310 on Constantine's orders. During Constantine's war with Maxentius, Maximian's image was purged from all public places. However, after Constantine ousted and killed Maxentius, Maximian's image was rehabilitated, and he was deified. ==Early life== Maximian was born near Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in the province of Pannonia, around 250 into a family of shopkeepers.〔''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 40.10, quoted in Barnes, ''New Empire'', 32; Barnes, ''New Empire'', 32; Rees, ''Layers of Loyalty'', 30; Williams, 43–44.〕 Beyond that, the ancient sources contain vague allusions to Illyricum as his homeland,〔Victor, ''Liber de Caesaribus'' 39.26, quoted in Barnes, ''New Empire'', 32.〕 to his Pannonian virtues,〔''Panegrici Latini'' 10(2).2.2ff, quoted in Barnes, ''New Empire'', 32.〕 and to his harsh upbringing along the war-torn Danube frontier.〔''Panegrici Latini'' 10(2).2.4, quoted in Rees, ''Layers of Loyalty'', 44–45.〕 Maximian joined the army, serving with Diocletian under the emperors Aurelian (r. 270–275) and Probus (r. 276–282). He probably participated in the Mesopotamian campaign of Carus in 283 and attended Diocletian's election as emperor on November 20, 284 at Nicomedia.〔Barnes, ''New Empire'', 32–33; Rees, ''Layers of Loyalty'', 30.〕 Maximian's swift appointment by Diocletian as Caesar is taken by the writer Stephen Williams and historian Timothy Barnes to mean that the two men were longterm allies, that their respective roles were pre-agreed and that Maximian had probably supported Diocletian during his campaign against Carinus (r. 283–285) but there is no direct evidence for this.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', 6; Williams, 43–44.〕 With his great energy, firm aggressive character and disinclination to rebel, Maximian was an appealing candidate for imperial office. The fourth-century historian Aurelius Victor described Maximian as "a colleague trustworthy in friendship, if somewhat boorish, and of great military talents".〔Victor, ''Liber de Caesaribus'' 39, quoted in Williams, 44.〕 Despite his other qualities, Maximian was uneducated and preferred action to thought. The panegyric of 289, after comparing his actions to Scipio Africanus' victories over Hannibal during the Second Punic War, suggested that Maximian had never heard of them.〔''Panegyrici Latini'' 10(2), quoted in Williams, 44.〕 His ambitions were purely military; he left politics to Diocletian.〔Williams, 44.〕 The Christian rhetor Lactantius suggested that Maximian shared Diocletian's basic attitudes but was less puritanical in his tastes, and took advantage of the sensual opportunities his position as emperor offered.〔Barnes, ''Constantine and Eusebius'', 13.〕 Lactantius charged that Maximian defiled senators' daughters and traveled with young virgins to satisfy his unending lust, though Lactantius' credibility is undermined by his general hostility towards pagans.〔Lactantius, ''De mortibus persecutorum'' 8, quoted in Williams, 44.〕 Maximian had two children with his Syrian wife, Eutropia: Maxentius and Fausta. There is no direct evidence in the ancient sources for their birthdates. Modern estimates of Maxentius' birth year have varied from c. 277 to 287, and most date Fausta's birth to c. 289 or 290.〔Barnes, ''New Empire'', 34. Barnes dates Maxentius' birth to circa 283, when Maximian was in Syria, and Fausta's birth to 289 or 290 (Barnes, ''New Empire'', 34).〕 Theodora, the wife of Constantius Chlorus, is often called Maximian's stepdaughter by ancient sources, leading to claims by Otto Seeck and Ernest Stein that she was born from an earlier marriage between Eutropia and Afranius Hannibalianus.〔Aurelius Victor, ''de Caesaribus'' 39.25; Eutropius, ''Breviaria'' 9.22; Jerome, ''Chronicle'' 225g; ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' 39.2, 40.12, quoted in Barnes, ''New Empire'', 33; Barnes, ''New Empire'', 33.〕 Barnes challenges this view, saying that all "stepdaughter" sources derive their information from the partially unreliable work of history ''Kaisergeschichte'', while other, more reliable sources, refer to her as Maximian's natural daughter.〔''Origo Constantini'' 2; Philostorgius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 2.16a, quoted in Barnes, ''New Empire'', 33. See also ''Panegyrici Latini'' 10(2)11.4.〕 Barnes concludes that Theodora was born no later than c. 275 to an unnamed earlier wife of Maximian, possibly one of Hannibalianus' daughters.〔Barnes, ''New Empire'', 33–34.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maximian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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