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In death and dying psychology meaning-making is a coping process that occurs during bereavement in which individuals attribute some sort of meaning to an experienced death or loss.〔Gillies, J., Neimeyer, R. A., & Milman, E. (2014). The meaning of loss codebook: Construction of a system for analyzing meanings made in bereavement. ''Death Studies, 38(4),'' 207-216. doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.829367〕 During bereavement, individuals are "retaining, reaffirming, revising, or replacing elements of their orienting system to develop more nuanced, complex and useful systems".〔 With the experience of a death people question their mortality and belief systems, and therefore have to create meaning of their loss. Meaning-making is beneficial to the griever as it is found to improve both mental health and physical health.〔Mackay, M.M., & Bluck, S. (2010). Meaning-Making in Memories: A Comparison of Memories of Death-Related and Low Point LIfe Experiences. ''Death Studies, 34,'' 715-737. doi: 10.1080/07481181003761708〕 Meaning-making can help people feel less distressed, and allows people to become more resilient.〔Davis, C. G., Harasymchuk, C., & Wohl, M. A. (2012). Finding meaning in a traumatic loss: A families approach. ''Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 25(2),'' 142-149. doi:10.1002/jts.21675〕 On the converse, failing to attributing meaning to the deceased’s death leads to more long-term distress for individuals.〔Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. ''Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 75(2),'' 561-574. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561〕 There are various strategies people can utilize for meaning-making. One study developed a “Meaning of Loss Codebook” which clusters common meaning-making strategies into 30 categories.〔 Amongst these meaning-making strategies, the highest percentage categories include: personal growth, family bonds, spirituality, valuing life, impermanence, lifestyle change, and release from suffering.〔 ==Family bonds== Individuals using existing family bonds for meaning-making have a "change in outlook and/or behavior towards family members".〔 With this meaning-making strategy individuals create meaning of the loss through their living family members, and make more efforts to spend more time with them.〔 When individuals use family to give meaning to a loss, more meaning-making strategies emerge within the family system. A couple strategies family members use to help each other cope are discussing the legacy of the deceased, and talking to non-family members about the loss.〔Black, H. K., Santanello, H. R., & Rubinstein, R. L. (2014). A pragmatic belief system in family meaning-making after death. ''Death Studies, 38, 522-530''. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2013.879754 〕 When family members are able to openly express their attitudes and beliefs, it leads to a better well-being and less disagreement in the family.〔 Meaning-making with one’s family also increases marital satisfaction by reducing family tension, especially if the deceased was another family member.〔 ==Spirituality and religiosity== Meaning-making through spirituality and religiosity is significant because it helps individuals cope with their loss, as well as reinforce their own spiritual or religious beliefs.〔 Way, P. (2013). A practitioner’s view of children making spiritual meanings in bereavement. ''Journal of Social Work In End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 9,'' 144-157. doi:10.1080/15524256.2013.794032〕 Spirituality and religiosity helps grievers think about a transcendental reality, share their worldview, and feel a sense of belonging to communities with shared beliefs. When individuals make meaning through spirituality and religiosity “individuals perceive the divine to be involved in a major stressful life event” and use the divine to develop a meaning for the loss.〔Stein, C. H., Abraham, K. M., Bonar, E. E., McAuliffe, C. E., Fogo, W. R., Faigin, D. A., & ... Potokar, D. N. (2009). Making Meaning from Personal Loss: Religious, Benefit Finding, and Goal-oriented Attributions. ''Journal Of Loss & Trauma, 14(2),'' 83-100. doi:10.1080/15325020802173819〕 There are three main ways in which an individual creates meaning through religion: benevolent religious reappraisals, punishing God reappraisals, and reappraisals of God’s power.〔 Benevolent religious reappraisals cast God in a positive light and grievers may see the death as a part of God’s plan. Punishing God reappraisals cast God in a dark light and grievers may blame God for the loss or feel punished by God. Reappraisals of God’s power questions God’s ability to intervene on the situation.〔 All of these appraisals contribute to how the griever may create meaning of their loss. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Meaning-making」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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