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Menispermaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. Tubocurare, a neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare, is derived from plants of this family. The family comprises 72 genera with some 450 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions. == Description == * Twining woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise (''Stephania'' winds clockwise) or vines, rarely upright shrubs or small trees, more rarely still herbaceous plants or epiphytes (''Stephania cyanantha''), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs. * Alternate spiral leaves, simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in ''Burasaia''), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without stipules, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles (''Antizoma''), venation, parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial, in ''Angelisia'' and ''Anamirta'' with hydathodes derived from trichomes, domatia present in 5 genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of stomata, frequently cyclocytic. * Rapidly growing stems with trilacunar nodes. Phylloclades are present in ''Cocculus balfourii''. * Dioecious plants, sometimes perfect flowers in ''Tiliacora acuminata'' and ''Parabaena denudata''. * Inflorescences in racemiform, paniculate or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform cyme or pseudo-umbel, multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers, axillary or on sharp branches or cauliflorous trunks, females frequently less branched. * Flowers small, regular to zygomorphic (''Antizoma'', ''Cyclea'', ''Cissampelos''), cyclic to irregularly spiral, hypogynous, basically trimers. Receptacle sometimes with developed gynophore. Sepals (1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of 3, rarely 6, free to slightly fused, imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Petals 0-6, in 2 whorls of 3, rarely of 6, free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40) stamens free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2-5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse, dehiscence along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits. Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32) carpels, usually oppositipetalous, stigma apical, dry, papilous, ovules 2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive, placentation marginal ventral. Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes. * Fruit compound, each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric drupe, more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed), not coalescing, exocarp sub-coriaceous or membranous, mesocarp pulpy, fleshy or fibrous, endocarp woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle. * Seeds slightly curved or spiral (''Limaciopsis'', ''Spirospermum''), with endosperm absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous, embryo straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy, divaricate or applied. * Pollen tricolpate, without operculum nor ribs, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate (''Abuta''), syncolporate (''Tinospora''), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures). * Chromosomal number: ''x'' = 11, 13, 19, 25. ''2n'' can be up to 52. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Menispermaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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