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Menkare was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the first or second〔Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, see pp.66–67, king No 2.〕 ruler of the combined 7th/8th Dynasty, depending on the scholar. Menkare probably enjoyed only a short reign at the transition between the Old Kingdom period and the First Intermediate Period, in the early 22nd century BC.〔Darrell D. Baker: ''The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC'', Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 197〕 The rapid succession of brief reigns at the time suggests times of hardship, possibly related to a widespread aridification of the Middle East known as the 4.2 kiloyear event. As a pharaoh of the 7th/8th Dynasty, Menkare's seat of power was Memphis. __FORCETOC__ ==Attestations== ;Historical source Menkare's only secure historical source is the Abydos king list, a list of kings redacted during the reign of Seti I for religious purposes and which today serves as the primary historical source for kings of the early First Intermediate Period. The praenomen ''Menkare'' appears on the 41st entry of the list. Another king list redacted during the early Ramesside period, the Turin canon, may have listed Menkare as well unfortunately a large lacuna affects the papyrus of the canon where Menkare's name would have been listed.〔Kim Ryholt: ''The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris'', Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127:87–100, (2000).〕 ;Contemporaneous source The tomb of queen Neit in South Saqqara houses a relief showing the queen in front of a damaged royal cartouche.〔Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): ''Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit'' (in French), Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5.〕 The Egyptologist Percy Newberry proposed that the cartouche reads ''Menkare'', which would thus be the sole contemporaneous attestation for this king having survived to this day.〔Percy Newberry (1943): ''Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty'', in: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology, vol. 29, pp=51–54〕 This opinion is shared by Gae Callender, who reexamined Jéquier's plates of the inscription.〔Gae Callender: ''Queen Neit-ikrety/Nitokris'', in: Miroslav Barta, Filip Coppens, Jaromic Krecji (editors): ''Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010/1'', Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2011, ISBN 978-8-07-308384-7, see pp. 249–250〕 ;A source from a later period Another possible, though not contemporaneous, attestation of Menkare is a cylinder seal made of glazed steatite, now in the British Museum under the catalog number 30557, and inscribed with the text "''The Good God, Lord of the Two Lands, Menkare''".〔Harry Reginald Hall: ''Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, etc., in the British Museum'', vol I: ''Royal Scarabs'', British Museum 1913, (available online ) see p. 272 seal num 2650.〕〔Peter Kaplony: ''Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reiches'', Vol II, Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, Brussels 1981, see p. 427–428 and pl. 113 num 1 and p. 114 num. 1 & 2.〕 The seal dates to the 26th Dynasty, some 1700 years after Menkare's lifetime. The attribution of the seal to Menkare is unlikely: given that Menkare is a rather obscure king, some scholars have suggested instead that the seal bears a mistake and actually refers to the better known pharaoh ''Menkaure'', builder of the third pyramid of Giza.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Menkare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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