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Fernando Pessoa, born Fernando António Nogueira Pessôa (;〔("Pessoa" ). ''Collins English Dictionary''.〕 ; June 13, 1888 – November 30, 1935), was a Portuguese poet, writer, literary critic, translator, publisher and philosopher, described as one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest poets in the Portuguese language. He also wrote in and translated from English and French. Pessoa was a prolific writer, and not only under his own name, for he dreamed up approximately seventy-five others. He did not call them ''pseudonyms'' because he felt that did not capture their true independent intellectual life and instead called them ''heteronyms''. These imaginary figures sometimes held unpopular or extreme views. ==Early years in Durban== On July 13, 1893, when Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, died of tuberculosis and next year, on January 2, his younger brother Jorge, aged one, also died. Following the second marriage of his mother, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nogueira, with João Miguel dos Santos Rosa, on December 31, 1895, little Fernando sailed with his mother for South Africa in the beginning of 1896, to join his stepfather, a military officer appointed Portuguese consul in Durban, capital of the former British Colony of Natal. ::;The young Pessoa by himself The young Pessoa received his early education at St. Joseph Convent School, a Catholic grammar school run by Irish and French nuns. He moved to the Durban High School in April, 1899, becoming fluent in English and developing an appreciation for English literature. During the Matriculation Examination, held at the time by the University of the Cape of Good Hope (forerunner of the University of Cape Town), in November 1903, he was awarded the recently created Queen Victoria Memorial Prize for best paper in English. While preparing to enter university, he also attended the Durban Commercial High School during one year, in the evening shift. Meanwhile, Pessoa started writing short stories in English, some under the name of David Merrick, many of which he left unfinished.〔Zenith, Richard (2008), ''Fotobiografias Século XX: Fernando Pessoa'', Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores.〕 At the age of sixteen, ''The Natal Mercury''〔(''The Natal Mercury'' )〕 (July 6, 1904 edition) published his poem "Hillier did first usurp the realms of rhyme...", under the name of C. R. Anon (anonymous), along with a brief introductory text: "I read with great amusement...". In December, ''The Durban High School Magazine'' published his essay "Macaulay".〔Monteiro, Maria da Encarnação (1961), ''Incidências Inglesas na Poesia de Fernando Pessoa, Coimbra: author ed.''〕 From February to June, 1905, in the section "The Man in the Moon", ''The Natal Mercury'' also published at least four sonnets by Fernando Pessoa: "Joseph Chamberlain", "To England I", "To England II" and "Liberty".〔Jennings, H. D. (1984), ''Os Dois Exilios'', Porto: Centro de Estudos Pessoanos〕 His poems often carried humorous versions of Anon as the author's name. Pessoa started using pen names quite young. The first one, still in his childhood, was Chevalier de Pas, supposedly a French noble. In addition to Charles Robert Anon and David Merrick, the young writer also signed up, among other pen names, as Horace James Faber, Alexander Search, and other meaningful names. ::;The young Pessoa described by a schoolfellow Ten years after his arrival, he sailed for Lisbon via the Suez Canal on board the "Herzog", leaving Durban for good at the age of seventeen. This journey inspired the poems "Opiário" (dedicated to his friend, the poet and writer Mário de Sá-Carneiro) published in March, 1915, in ''Orpheu'' nr.1〔(''Orpheu'' nr.1 )〕 and "Ode Marítima" (dedicated to the futurist painter Santa-Rita Pintor) published in June, 1915, in ''Orpheu'' nr.2〔.〕 by his heteronym Álvaro de Campos. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fernando Pessoa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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