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Academic fencing
Academic fencing (German akademisches Fechten) or ''Mensur'' is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations (''Studentenverbindungen'') in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and to a minor extent in Kosovo, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Flanders. It is a traditional, strictly regulated épée / rapier fight between two male members of different fraternities with sharp weapons. The German technical term ''Mensur'' (from Latin, ''dimension'') in the 16th century referred to the specified distance between each of the fencers.〔Robert Paschke: Corpsstudentisches Wörterbuch. In: Handbuch des Kösener Corpsstudenten. Verband Alter Corpsstudenten e. V. Band I. Würzburg 1985 (6. Aufl.)〕
== Technique ==
Modern academic fencing, the ''Mensur'', is neither a duel nor a sport. It is a traditional way of training and educating character and personality; thus, in a mensur bout, there is neither winner nor loser. In contrast to sport fencing, the participants stand their ground at a fixed distance. At the beginning of the tradition, duelers wore only their normal clothing (as duels sometimes would arise spontaneously) or light-cloth armor on arm, torso, and throat. In recent years, fencers are protected by mail or padding for the body, fencing arm, fencing hand (gauntlet) and the throat, completed by steel goggles with a nose guard. In Austria a nose guard is uncommon. They fence at arm's length and stand more or less in one place, while attempting to hit the unprotected areas of their opponent's face and head. Flinching or dodging is not allowed, the goal being less to avoid injury than to endure it stoically. Two physicians are present (one for each opponent) to attend to injuries and stop the fight if necessary.
The participants, or ''Paukanten'', use specially developed swords. The so-called ''Mensurschläger'' (or simply ''Schläger''), exists in two versions. The most common weapon is the ''Korbschläger'' with a basket-type guard. Some universities in the eastern part of Germany use the so-called ''Glockenschläger'', which is equipped with a bell-shaped guard. These universities are Leipzig, Berlin, Greifswald, Dresden, Tharandt (in the Forestry College, which is now part of Technische Universität Dresden), Halle on the Saale, Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, and Freiberg. In Jena, both ''Korbschläger'' and ''Glockenschläger'' are used. ''Studentenverbindungen'' from some western cities use ''Glockenschläger'' because their tradition had its origin in one of the eastern universities but moved to West Germany after World War II.
The scar resulting from a hit is called a "smite" (German ''Schmiss''), and was seen as a badge of honour, especially in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Today, it is not easy for an outsider to identify Mensur scars due to better medical treatment. Also the number of mandatory Mensuren were reduced in the second half of the 20th century. Most Mensur scars are located on the left temple of the forehead. Scars on the cheek and chin are rather uncommon today and sometimes due to accidents.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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