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Meshterski
Meshterski ((ブルガリア語:мещерски)) or Meshtrenski (мещренски) was the cant, or secret sociolect, of the south Bulgarian builders, bricklayers and masons. The name comes from the word мещра ''meshtra'', "master", from Latin ''magister''. Meshterski served a linguistically isolating purpose, enabling the builders to communicate in secrecy, and a socially isolating purpose, emphasizing the builders' perceived supremacy over their contractors.〔Николов, "(Глава I )".〕
==Distribution and vocabulary==
The sociolect emerged among the Bulgarian masons in southwestern Macedonia, adjacent to the Albanian lands. As a result, it includes a large number of Albanian loanwords, e.g. бука ''buka'', "bread", from ''bukё''; гяхта ''gyahta'', "cheese", from ''djathë''; мерам ''meram'', "to take", from ''marr''. There are much fewer loans from Greek (e.g. лашма ''lashma'', "mud", from λάσπη ''laspi''; карекла ''karekla'', "chair", from καρέκλα ''karékla'') and Turkish (e.g. пиринч ''pirinch'', "rice", from ''pirinç''; сакал ''sakal'', "beard", from ''sakal'').〔Николов, "(Глава II )".〕 Later, the language spread through migration to northeastern Macedonia (the region of Gotse Delchev), the Rhodope Mountains around Smolyan, and the areas of Asenovgrad, Kazanlak and the sub-Balkan valleys.〔
Although loanwords often remained semantically unchanged, the Bulgarian vocabulary in the sociolect was substituted with native metaphors, metonyms and words from different roots, so as to conceal the true meaning to outsiders, e.g. мокра ''mokra'' ("wet", fem.) for вода ''voda'', "water"; гледач ''gledach'' ("looker") for око ''oko'', "eye", обло ''oblo'' ("round", neut.) for яйце ''yaytse'', "egg".〔 The lexis of Meshterski included not only professional terms and basic vocabulary, but also other words, including religious terms, such as Светлив ''Svetliv'', "Luminous", referring to God or a saint.
Meshterski also spread to other social areas: it was borrowed by tinsmiths in at least one village in the Rhodopes, although with a much reduced vocabulary and renamed to ''Ganamarski''.〔Николов, "(Глава III )".〕 Albanian words mediated through Meshterski have also entered informal Bulgarian; these included кекав ''kekav'', "weak, sickly" (from ''keq''); кинти ''kinti'', "money, dough" (from ''qind'', "hundred"), скивам ''skivam'', "to see, to take a look" (from ''shqyrtoj''), келеш ''kelesh'', "squirt, mangy fellow" (from ''qelesh'').
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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