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Sanakht (also read as Hor-Sanakht) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the Third Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. His chronological position is highly uncertain, and it is also unclear under which Hellenized name the ancient historian Manetho could have listed him. Many Egyptologists connect Sanakht with the ramesside cartouche name ''Nebka''. However, this remains disputable, because no further royal title of that king was ever found; neither in contemporary sources, nor in later ones. There are two relief fragments depicting Sanakht that once originated from the Wadi Maghareh on the Sinai Peninsula. == Identity == Sanakht's identity and position in the third Dynasty is not entirely clear and remains the subject of debates. While Sanakht's existence is attested by seal fragments from mastaba K2 and a graffito, his position as the founder of the Third Dynasty, as recorded by Manetho and the Turin Canon, has been seriously undermined by recent archaeological discoveries at Abydos. These discoveries establish that it was likely Djoser who helped bury—and thus succeed—Khasekhemwy, rather than Sanakht. This is determined from seals found at the entrance to the latter's tomb bearing Djoser's name.〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt. Strategies, Society and Security.'' Routledge, London u. a. 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 83 & 95.〕 Proponents of the theory that Sanakht was nonetheless the founder of the dynasty object that the presence of Djoser's seals in Khasekhemwy's tomb only shows that Djoser conducted cultural rituals in honor of this king, and does not necessarily imply that Djoser was Khasekhemwy's immediate successor.〔Illaria Incordino: ''The third dynasty: A historical hypothesis.'', in: ''Jean Claude Goyon, Christine Cardin: Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists''. p. 965, ()〕 Sanakht could then have married Queen Nimaethap, with Nimaethap being the daughter of Khasekhemwy rather than his wife. Together with Sanakht, they could be the parents of Djoser. Alternatively, some have considered Sanakht to be Djoser's elder brother. Presently, the dominant theory is that Sanakht's reign dates to the later Third Dynasty, after Djoser. Egyptologists Toby Wilkinson, Stephan Seidlmayer, Kenneth Kitchen and Rainer Stadelmann equate Sanakht with "Nebka", a name appearing in Ramesside king lists. In support of this theory is a clay seal fragment on which the lower part of a cartouche appears. In this cartouche Wilkinson, Seidlmayer and Stadelmann see traces of a ''Ka''-sign, the end of the name "Nebka".〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt. Strategies, Society and Security''. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 101 – 104.〕〔Kenneth Anderson Kitchen: ''Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated and Annotated Notes and Comments'', vol. 2. Blackwell, Oxford 1999, ISBN 063118435X, p. 534 – 538.〕 Likewise, Dietrich Wildung favors equating Nebka with Sanakht, although he questions the validity of the seal as evidence given that it is too badly damaged to read the inscription within the cartouche "Nebka" with any certainty.〔Dietrich Wildung: ''Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Band 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien'' (= ''Münchner ägyptologische Studien'', vol. 17.). Hessling, Berlin 1969, p. 54 – 58.〕 John D. Degreef, Nabil Swelim and Wolfgang Helck are against equating Nebka with Sanakht. They refer to the fact that the name "Nebka" is not attested on any monument nor in any document dating to before Djoser.〔 Instead, Nabil Swelim identifies Nebka with the Horus name Khaba.〔Nabil Swelim: ''Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty.'', in: ''Archaeological and Historical Studies'', The Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Alexandria 1983, pp. 95, 217–220 and 224.〕 He further identifies Sanakht with a king ''Mesochris'' mentioned by Manetho, regarding this as a Hellenized form of the throne name of Sanakht. He dated Sanakht's reign to between the seventh and eighth king of the 3rd dynasty.〔 Jürgen von Beckerath, Wolfgang Helck, Dietrich Wildung and Peter Kaplony proposed that Sanakht's horus name is that of the shadowy ''Horus Sa'', seeing the name "Sa" as a short form of "Sanakht".〔Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen'' (= ''Münchner ägyptologische Studien''. vol. 49). von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, p. 49, 283 & 293.〕 From this Wolfgang Helck holds that Sanakht's Nisut-Biti name was Weneg. King Weneg however, is widely hold to have ruled during the 2nd Dynasty and Helck's theory has been greeted with skepticism.〔Wolfgang Helck: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit'' (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen'', vol. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ISBN 3-447-02677-4, p. 20 & 21.〕 Sanakht's name was once read "Hen Nekht" by Egyptologists such as Ernest Wallis Budge. Today, this reading is not in use anymore; the up-to-date reading is "Sanakht" or (seldomly) "Nakht-Sa".〔〔Dietrich Wildung: ''Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Band 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien'' (= ''Münchner ägyptologische Studien'', vol. 17.). Hessling, Berlin 1969, p. 54-58.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanakht」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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