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In physics, a mesophase is a state of matter intermediate between liquid and solid. Gelatin is a common example of a partially ordered structure in a mesophase. Further, biological structures such as the lipid bilayers of cell membranes exemplify the mesophase state. Georges Friedel (1922) called attention to the "mesomorphic states of matter"〔"Les Étates Mésomorphes de la Matière"〕 in his scientific assessment of observations of the so-called liquid crystals. Everyone knows a crystal is solid and to crystallize is to make solid. The oxymoron of the liquid crystal is resolved through the notion of mesophases. The observations noted an optic axis persisting in materials that had been melted and had begun to flow. But the catch-phrase of the liquid crystal caught on, even when displaced in technical writing. For example, in ''The Physics of Liquid Crystals''〔de Gennes & Prost 1993〕 the mesophases are introduced from the beginning: :...certain organic materials do not show a single transition from solid to liquid, but rather a cascade of transitions involving new phases. The mechanical properties and the symmetry properties of these phases are intermediate between those of a liquid and those of a crystal. For this reason they have often been called ''liquid crystals''. A more proper name is ‘mesomorphic phases’ (''mesomorphic'': intermediate form)〔page one〕 Further, "The classification of mesophases (first clearly set out by G. Friedel in 1922) is essentially based on symmetry."〔de Gennes & Prost p 10〕〔G. Friedel (1922) ''Annales de Physique (Paris)'' 18: 273–474〕 Molecules that demonstrate mesophases are called mesogens. In technology, molecules in which the optic axis is subject to manipulation during a mesophase have become commercial products as they can be used to manufacture display devices. The susceptibility of the optic axis, called a ''director'', to an electric or magnetic field produces the potential for an optical switch. Methods used include the Freedericksz transition and the twisted nematic field effect. From early liquid crystal displays the buying public has embraced the low-power optical switch facility of mesophases with director. Consider a solid consisting of a single molecular species and subjected to melting. Ultimately it is rendered to an isotropic state classically referred to as liquid. Mesophases occur before then when an intermediate state of order is still maintained as in the nematic, smectic, and columnar phases of liquid crystals. Mesophases thus exhibit anisotropy. For instance, LCD devices work on the optical switch principle that obscures light or lets it pass. This switch is turned off and on by an electric field applied to the mesogen with director. The response of the director to the field is expressed with viscosity parameters, as in the Ericksen-Leslie theory in continuum mechanics developed by Jerald Ericksen and Frank Matthews Leslie. Mesophase phenomena are important in many scientific fields. The publishing arms of professional societies have academic journals as needed. For instance, the American Chemical Society has both ''Macromolecules'' and ''Langmuir'', while Royal Society of Chemistry has ''Soft Matter'', and American Physical Society has ''Physical Review E'', and Elsevier has ''Advances in Colloid and Interface Science''. ==See also== * Condensed matter physics * Sol-gel * Walter Noll 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mesophase」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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