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Mesotherium
''Mesotherium'' ("Middle Beast"),
better known by its synonym, "''Typotherium''," is the type genus of Mesotheriidae, a long-lasting (roughly from 55 to 2 mya) family of superficially rodent-like, burrowing notoungulates from South America. It was first named by Étienne Serres in 1867, and through further finds now contains four species, ''M. cristatum'', ''M. hystatum'', ''M. maendrum'', and ''M. pachygnathum''.
==Etymology==
Serres named ''Mesotherium'' so due to his belief that it was an intermediate between rodents and pachyderms (or ungulates), due to its large upper incisors, and its size and proportions.〔 "Serres—by a happy inspiration proposed calling it Mesotherium—as being a common centre towards which all mammalia got happily confounded," Hugh Falconer wrote Darwin in April 1863.〔[http://darwin-qa.caret.cam.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4113.html#mark-4113.f8 Darwin Correspondence Project: Letter dated 20 April [1863]],〕 "Bravard sent it home under the name of Typotherium as being the central type from which all mammals diverged." It was Serres' view that there was only one underlying animal type.
Despite Serres' having officially named the genus ''Mesotherium'', it was known from the late 19th century to the early 20th century under the name "Typotherium", given it by the French palaeontologist living in Argentina, Auguste Bravard;〔''The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: Volume 11'',; page 333. 1863 (The Correspondence of Charles Darwin) by Charles Darwin, Frederick Burkhardt, Duncan Porter, and Sheila Ann Dean) ISBN 0-521-59033-7 Retrieved on 2008-05-02〕 under this name Bravard sent the skull he found to Paris, which led to the family being named ''Typotheriidae'', and served as the basis for the order ''Typotheria''.〔 As the name "Mesotherium" had been published earlier in the same year as "Typotherium", ''Mesotherium'' was declared the valid name of the genus, (Simpson, 1980〔) and ''Mesotheriidae'' the valid name of the family.〔 Nevertheless, as the rules do not apply to anything above the family, the name of the order ''Typotheria'' is still in use, but refers to a wider range of rodent-like notoungulates.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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