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Metanephrocerus
''Metanephrocerus'' is an extinct genus of big-headed flies in the dipteran subfamily Protonephrocerinae, for which it is one of only two genera. The genus contains four described species, ''Metanephrocerus belgardeae'', ''M. collini'', ''M. groehni'', and ''M. hoffeinsorum''. ''Metanephrocerus'' is known from a group of Middle Eocene fossils which were found in Europe and a single early Eocene fossil from North America.
== History and classification ==
When first described, ''Metanephrocerus'' was known only from two separate fossils, the holotype female, and the female paratype were fossilized as inclusions in transparent chunks of Baltic amber.〔 Baltic amber is approximately forty-six million years old, having been deposited during the Lutetian stage of the Middle Eocene. There is debate on what plant family produced the amber, with evidence supporting relatives of either an ''Agathis'' or a ''Pseudolarix'' relative.
Fossils of the type species, ''M. collini'', were first studied by American entomologist Frank M. Carpenter and F. M. Hull who placed the new species in the fossil genus ''Protonephrocerus''. Carpenter and Hull's 1939 type description of the new species was published in the monograph series ''Bernstein-Forschungens''.〔 The species was moved to the new genus ''Metanephrocerus'' in a 1948 paper by Martin L Aczél, and since that time both the type specimens have been lost and are considered possibly destroyed. After the ''M. collini'' description, 75 years passed before an additional three related species were described. Two of those, ''M. groehni'' and ''M. hoffeinsorum''. were described from solitary fossil inclusions in Baltic amber. The 2014 descriptions were made by Christian Kehlmaier, Manuel Dierick and Jeffrey H. Skevington, based on detailed CT scans of the specimens. They chose the species name "groehni" is a patronym honoring Carsten Gröhn, who supported the research of the authors, and who was the owner of the specimen before description. The fossil was to be deposited into the collections of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Hamburg Similarly, the epithet of the second species "hoffeinsorum" is a patronym for Christel and Hans-Werner Hoffeins for the donation of the type fossil to the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut and for their support of the authors research.〔 The third related species, ''M. belgardeae'', bringing the total to four, was described from a compression fossil found in the early Eocene, Ypresian Klondike Mountain Formation lagerstätten, its discovery expanding the both the temporal range and geographic range.〔 ''M. belgardeae'' was described by S. Bruce Archibald, Christian Kehlmaier, and Rolf Mathewes from a single partial female. The specific epithet is a matronym of Azure Rain Belgarde, who collected the type specimen, SR 08-06-02, and donated it to the Stonerose Interpretive Center.〔
Placement of the group has changed several times, with ''Metanephrocerus'' and ''Protonephrocerus'' being placed in the pipunculid subfamily Nephrocerinae as tribe Protonephrocerini from 1948 until 2014. The placement of the tribe was challenged in 2014 by Kehlmaier, Dierick and Skevington who suggested inclusion of the genera made Nephrocerinae paraphyletic. As such they elevated the tribe Protonephrocerini to the subfamily rank as Protonephrocerinae, leaving only ''Nephrocerus'' and ''Priabona'' in Nephrocerinae.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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