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A metronome is any device that produces regular, metrical ticks (beats, clicks) — settable in beats per minute. These ticks represent a fixed, regular aural pulse; some metronomes also include synchronized visual motion (e.g. pendulum-swing). The metronome dates from the early 9th century, Abbas ibn Firnas (810-887 AD), was patented by Johann Maelzel in 1815 as a tool for musicians, under the title ''"Instrument/Machine for the Improvement of all Musical Performance, called Metronome"''.〔 The metronome is used by musicians to help keep a steady tempo as they play, or to work on issues of irregular timing, or to help internalize a clear sense of timing and tempo. The metronome is also often used by composers as a standard tempo reference, to indicate the intended tempo for the piece. Human beings seldom play music at an exact tempo with all the beats exactly the same. This makes it impossible to align metronome clicks with the beats of a musically expressive performance.〔Paul Lamere (Revisiting the click track ) from Music Machinery, a blog about music technology - great post with graphs of variation in timing and tempo for various songs, with and without click tracks.〕〔Andrew Robertson (DECODING TEMPO AND TIMING VARIATIONS IN MUSIC RECORDINGS FROM BEAT ANNOTATIONS ) 13th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference (ISMIR 2012)〕〔Vijay Iyar (Microtiming Studies )(from thesis at Berkeley university).〕〔(The Metronomic Performance Practice: A History of Rhythm, Metronomes, and the Mechanization of Musicality ) ((pdf )); PhD Thesis by Alexander Bonus (May, 2010)〕 This also has led many musicians to criticize use of a metronome. "Metronome Time" has been shown to differ from "Musical Time".〔(Technology and Music Performance in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction ) by Jon Frederickson; see page 210 with the section "The Metronome vs. Musical Time"〕 Some go as far as to suggest that metronomes shouldn't be used by musicians at all. The same criticism has been applied to metronome markings as well. See Criticism of metronome use. Those in favour of metronome use understand this as a criticism of metronome technique as commonly practiced by musicians, rather than criticism of the tool as such.〔Frederick Franz, revised by Jon Truelson (Metronome Techniques )〕〔(CHAPTER III PotPourri ) - many quotes in favour of metronome use〕 Their response has been to develop better methods of metronome technique to address the various issues raised by the critics. See Metronome Technique. These techniques however aren't widely known by musicians generally, including many of the critics of metronome use. What Frederick Franz wrote in the introduction to his book is still true today (the original version was published in 1947).〔Frederick Franz, (Metronome techniques: : being a very brief account of the history and use of the metronome with many practical applications for the musician ), 1947,〕 Metronome technique has developed considerably since his day, but the amount published is still small. As in his day, it is understandable that critics should be under the impression that metronome technique simply consists of playing your music along with the metronome. ==Etymology== The word metronome first appeared in English c. 1815 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://dictionary.oed.com )〕 and is Greek in origin: ''metron'' "measure" and ''nomos'' "regulating, law." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Metronome」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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