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Metrosideros
''Metrosideros'' 〔''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607〕 is a genus of approximately 50 trees, shrubs, and vines native to the islands of the Pacific Ocean, from the Philippines to New Zealand and including the Bonin Islands, Polynesia, and Melanesia, with an anomalous outlier in South Africa. Most of the tree forms are small, but some are exceptionally large, the New Zealand species in particular. The name derives from the Ancient Greek ''metra'' or "heartwood" and ''sideron'' or "iron". Perhaps the best-known species are the pōhutukawa (''M. excelsa''), northern rātā (''M. robusta''), and southern rātā (''M. umbellata'') of New Zealand, and ''ōhia lehua'', (''M. polymorpha''), from the Hawaiian Islands.
==Distribution==
New Caledonia has 21 species of ''Metrosideros'', New Zealand has twelve, Hawaii has five, and Papua has four. The remainder are scattered across small islands of the Pacific, with one outlier described from South Africa. ''Metrosideros'' seeds can disperse on the wind, which accounts for their wide distribution from a presumed origin in a greater New Zealand continent, which at the time of the breakup of Gondwana in the late Cretaceous, included New Caledonia. How the genus reached Hawaii appears puzzling because the prevailing trade winds blow from the east. However high altitude wind patterns may have brought seeds north from the Marquesas Islands, which molecular evidence suggests as the origin of the Hawaiian species from a single colonising event (the Hawaiian ''M. polymorpha'' is similar to the widespread ''M. collina'' found in the Marquesas Islands, and was long classified as a subspecies of it). Considering that the group likely spread north and east from New Zealand, counter to prevailing ground-level winds, this is not surprising.
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