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Mettā
''Mettā'' (Pali) or ''maitrī'' (Sanskrit) is benevolence,〔Bodhi (2005), pp. 90, 131, 134, ''passim''; Gethin (1998), pp. 26, 30, ''passim'' (as two words: "loving kindness" ); Harvey (2007), pp. 247-8 (without a hyphen: "lovingkindness" ); Ñāamoli & Bodhi (2001), pp. 120, 374, 474, ''passim''; Salzberg (1995), ''passim'' (a hyphen ); Walshe (1995), p. 194.〕〔Warder (2004), pp. 63, 94.〕 friendliness,〔Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 540, entry for "Mettā," retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:177.pali.〕〔Monier Williams, 1964, p. 834, entry for "Maitrī," retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Cologne" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0834-meSUraNa.jpg.〕〔Kamalashila (1996).〕 〔〔 amity,〔 friendship,〔 good will,〔 kindness,〔〔Richard Gombrich (1988, reprinted 2002), ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo''. Routledge: London. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.〕 close mental union (on same mental wavelength),〔 and active interest in others.〔 It is one of the ten pāramīs of the Theravāda school of Buddhism, and the first of the four sublime states (''Brahmavihāras''). Mettā is love without the suffering that arises from attachment (known as ''upādāna'').
The cultivation of benevolence (''mettā bhāvanā'') is a popular form of meditation in Buddhism. In the Theravadin Buddhist tradition, this practice begins with the meditator cultivating benevolence towards themselves,〔Regarding the cultivation of benevolence towards oneself, this is not specifically recommended by the Buddha in the pertinent canonical discourses but is inferred in the commentarial literature from other discourses.〕 then one's loved ones, friends, teachers, strangers, enemies, and finally towards all sentient beings. In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, this practice is associated with tonglen (cf.), whereby one breathes out ("sends") happiness and breathes in ("receives") suffering.〔Trungpa (1993), p. 220, "Glossary" entry: "''maitri bhavana'': The practice of maitri, or benevolence. Tonglen practice is also referred to as maitri practice, or maitri bhavana...."〕 Tibetan Buddhists also practice contemplation of the Brahmavihāras, also called the four immeasurables, which is sometimes called 'compassion meditation'.〔Matthieu Ricard's 2cd set "Happiness"〕
==Basic methods==
Mettā meditation is regularly recommended to the Buddha's followers in the Pali canon. The canon generally advises radiating metta in each of the six directions, to whatever beings there may be.〔See, e.g. MN 7.12, Snp 1.8/Khp 9: (), ().〕 A different set of practical instructions, still widely used today, is found in the 5th CE Visuddhimagga. In addition, variations on this traditional practice have been popularized by modern teachers and applied in modern research settings.
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