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Microcleididae
Microcleididae is an extinct family of basal plesiosauroid plesiosaurs from the Early Jurassic (middle Sinemurian to late Toarcian stages) of France, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom. Currently, the oldest and the basalmost known microcleidid is ''Eretmosaurus'' from the middle Sinemurian of the United Kingdom. Microcleididae was formally named and described by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans and Patrick S. Druckenmiller in 2012.
==History and Phylogeny==
Großman (2007) referred informally to "microcleidid elasmosaurs", a clade comprising the three taxa referred to the Microcleididae by Benson ''et al.'' (2012). Ketchum and Benson (2010) found the traditional "microcleidid" genera to nest within a monophyletic Plesiosauridae, in a close position to ''Plesiosaurus''. However, Ketchum and Benson (2011) performed a phylogenetic analysis which found a monospecific Plesiosauridae, and a monophyletic Microcleididae. Smith ''et al.'' (in press) described a new "microcleidid" ''Lusonectes'', and obtained similar results in a different phylogenetic analysis.〔 However, the family has not formally been erected until Benson ''et al.'' (2012) also found the same results in their analysis.〔
To avoid further confusion between Plesiosauridae and Microcleididae, Benson ''et al.'' (2012) proposed a stem-based definition for this taxon, utilizing ''Plesiosaurus'' as an external specifier. Microcleididae was defined as "''Microcleidus homalospondylus'' and all taxa more closely related to it than to ''Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus'', ''Cryptoclidus eurymerus'', ''Elasmosaurus platyurus'', ''Leptocleidus superstes'', ''Pliosaurus brachydeirus'' or ''Polycotylus latipinnis''." Benson ''et al.'' (2012) found strong support for Microcleididae, however they diagnosis focused on unambiguous postcranial synapomorphies since cranial material of basal microcleidids is unknown. The synapomorphies are: widely separated posterior cervical rib facets, posteriormost dorsal rib facets split between centrum and neural arch, medial surface of the iliac blade anteroposteriorly concave and a prominent flange extends anteriorly from the proximal half of the radius. This analysis focused on basal plesiosaurs and therefore only one derived pliosaurid and one cryptoclidian were included while elasmosaurids weren't included at all. The cladogram below follows the topology from Benson ''et al.'' (2012) analysis.〔
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