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Midgegooroo
Midgegooroo (died 22 May 1833) was an Indigenous Australian of the Nyungar nation, who played a key role in Indigenous resistance to white settlement in the area of Perth, Western Australia. Everything documented about Midgegooroo (variously spelled in the record as ‘Midgeegaroo’, ‘Midgegarew’, ‘Midgegoorong’, Midgegoroo’, Midjegoorong’, ‘Midjigoroo’, ‘Midgigeroo’, Midjigeroo’, ‘Migegaroo’, Migegaroom, ‘Migegooroo’, Midgecarro’, ‘Widgegooroo’) is mediated through the eyes of the colonisers, some of whom, notably G.F. Moore, Robert Menli Lyon and Francis Armstrong, derived their information from discussions with contemporary Noongar people, in particular the son of Midgegooroo, Yagan. Largely due to his exploits in opposing colonisation and his relationship with Lyon and Moore, Yagan has a much sharper historical profile than his father.
Midgegooroo was executed by firing squad and without trial under the authority of Lieutenant Governor Frederick Irwin in 1833.
==Early life==
Nothing is known of Midgegooroo's life prior to the arrival of white settlers in 1829. At that time, Midgegooroo was the leader of his home country, Beeliar, which stretched from the Indian Ocean to the Canning River, south of the Swan River. Robert Menli Lyon reported that the northernmost land in Beeliar adjoined 'Melville Water and the Canning',〔''Perth Gazette'', 23 March 1833; 13 April 1833〕 and was bordered 'by the mountains on the east; by the sea on the west; and by a line, due east, from Mangles Bay, on the south.’ Midgegooroo's main camp (‘headquarters’) was a place known as ‘Mendyarrup, situated somewhere in Gaudoo’, suggesting that it was in the vicinity of Blackwall Reach and Point Walter.〔Robert Menli Lyon may have acquired most of this information from Yagan rather than Midgegooroo. In 1832, Lyon had intervened on behalf of Yagan and two of his countrymen, Domera and Ningina who had been captured and awaited sentence for spearing a colonist William Gaze in June. Lyon persuaded Lieutenant-Governor Frederick Irwin to allow him to accompany the three prisoners to Carnac Island to ‘acquire a knowledge of their language and prevent that frightful state of things in which the deliberate shedding of blood will involve the settlement.’ For a month, Lyon and the three Aboriginal men were alone on the island, during which time they taught him about the language and society of the people of the Swan River region, including the names of places.Bevan Carter Nyungah Land, p. 33〕 〔Perth Gazette 23 March 1833; 13 April 1833〕 However, Midgegooroo's family had some rights to use resources on a large part of what is now metropolitan Perth, and were able to move freely about an even larger area, presumably due to kinship ties with neighbours. For example, he was seen on some occasions as far afield as near Lake Monger and the Helena River.
In 1830, Midgegooroo was reported to be an older man, short in stature with long hair and a ‘remarkable bump’ on his forehead, a physical description repeated on occasions over the next two and a half years, including in a deposition presented in evidence before his execution.〔CSR 27.123 – 7〕 Midgegooroo appears to have remained aloof from the colonists. There is evidence that he occasionally engaged in friendly communications with some local farmers, including Erin Entwhistle, a man he speared in 1831.〔''Perth Gazette'', 25 May 1833〕 Unlike some of the other named Aboriginal people of the region, including Yagan, Weeip and Yellagonga, Midgegooroo does not appear to have ever performed casual labour for colonists in any capacity, and continued to move around Beeliar with his wives and children. He was described as consistently hostile to the presence of Europeans on his country; ‘a dangerous and furious ruffian.’ 〔Perth Gazette, 25 May 1833〕 He had at least two wives, the older described as ‘rather tall and wanting her front teeth’, the younger of whom was named Ganiup, and at least four sons, Yagan, Narral, Billy and Willim, and at least one brother.〔Perth Gazette, 25 May 1833. G. F. Moore comments that Yagan may in fact have been the biological son of Midgegooroo’s brother, although as an uncle he would likely have been considered his classificatory father.〕 He appears to have spent much of his time ‘taking care of the women and children of the tribe.’〔Perth Gazette, 25 May 1833〕
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