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The ''miliaresion'' ((ギリシア語:μιλιαρήσιον), from (ラテン語:miliarensis)), was a name used for a number of Byzantine silver coins. In its most specific sense, it refers to a type of silver coin struck in the 8th–11th centuries. ==History== Originally, the name was given to a series of silver coins issued in the 4th century that were struck 72 to the pound and were the equivalent of 1,000 ''nummi''. Thereafter and until the 7th century, the Byzantines did not use silver coins. In the 7th century, ''miliaresion'' was the name given to the hexagram-type coins, and from circa 720 on for a new type, broader and thinner than the hexagram, instituted by the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717–741).〔.〕〔.〕 This latter type, for which the term ''miliaresion'' is usually preserved among numismatists, were apparently struck 144 to the pound, with an initial weight of circa 2.27 grams, although in the Macedonian period that increased to 3.03 grams (i.e. 108 coins to the pound).〔 In the first century of its issue, it appears to have been issued solely as a ceremonial coin on the occasion of the appointment of a co-emperor, and hence always features the names of two Byzantine emperors. Only from the reign of Emperor Theophilos (r. 829–842) did the coin become regular issue, struck throughout an emperor's reign.〔.〕 The coins were inspired by the contemporary silver Islamic ''dirham'', and in common with it (and unlike the Byzantine Empire's gold and copper coinage, or the earlier hexagram) featured initially no human representations, sporting instead the names and titles of the Byzantine emperor or emperors on the reverse and a cross on steps on the obverse. In the 10th century, Emperor Alexander (r. 912–913) introduced a bust of Christ on the obverse, and Romanos I (r. 920–944) added an imperial bust to the center of the cross. This process culminated in the 11th century, when images of emperors, Christ, and the Virgin Mary began to appear.〔.〕 In the 11th century, 2⁄3 and 1⁄3 fractions of the ''miliaresion'' also began to be minted, but the military and financial collapse of the 1070s–1080s affected its quality.〔.〕 It was discontinued after 1092, except as a money of account equal to 1⁄12 of the ''nomisma''. Under the Komnenian emperors, it was initially replaced by a very low-grade billon ''trachy'' coin, initially worth a quarter of a ''miliaresion'' but later much devalued. The ''miliaresion'' was essentially revived in the form of the ''basilikon'' issued from circa 1300 onwards.〔〔.〕 The name also passed into Western European languages, where ''milliarès'' was used for various kinds of Muslim silver coins.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miliaresion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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