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Millom is a town and civil parish on the north shore of the estuary of the River Duddon around 7 miles north of Barrow-in-Furness in southwest Cumbria, England. Millom was constructed as a new town, beginning in 1866 and subsumed the village of Holborn Hill. Built around ironworks, the town grew to a size of over 10,000 people by the 1960s, but has struggled since the works were closed in 1968. Culturally, Millom is notable as the birthplace of poet Norman Nicholson, and as a major centre of amateur rugby league. The name is Cumbrian dialect for "At the mills".〔Readers Digest Atlas of the British Isles, place name index.〕 The town is accessible both by rail and an A class road. Historically in Cumberland, the parish had a population of 7,829 in 2011 and is divided into four wards, Holborn Hill, Newtown North, Newtown South and Haverigg. ==History== Millom is mentioned in the Domesday Book as one of the townships forming the Manor of Hougun held by Earl Tostig. Millom Castle is a grade I listed building and scheduled ancient monument which by 1739 was in dilapidated condition. In 1251 a market charter was granted by King Henry III of England to John de Huddleston, Lord of Millom. A charter for an Easter fair at Holy Trinity Church was also granted at the same time. Millom is the most southerly town in the historic county of Cumberland.〔:File:Gray1824.cumberland.jpg〕 The Whitehaven & Furness Junction Railway opened a station here in 1850 known as 'Holborn Hill Halt', until Millom newtown was built in 1866. It was taken over by the Furness Railway in 1866. A map of 1862 shows that all that existed here was a small hamlet by the name of Holborn Hill on the northwest side of the railway line. It had a railway station, inn and a tile and brick works. By 1899 a small town had grown up here, with terraced streets on either side of the railway, a public library, police station, banks, hotels, school, market square and allotments. In the intervening years, the Hodbarrow iron mines began extracting haematite from deposits between the village of Holborn Hill and the seashore at Hodbarrow. The first shafts were sunk in the 1850s, by 1881 there were seven pits operated by The Hodbarrow Mining Company. Millom & Askam Iron Company built Millom Ironworks and the first furnaces were completed in 1866. The opening of the iron works lead to the building of Millom newtown.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cumberlandarchives.co.uk/content/view/239/48/1/5/ )〕 The Hodbarrow Outer Barrier (sea wall) was completed in 1905 to protect the mines from the sea. It took five years to construct at a cost of almost £600,000.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.duddon-estuary.org.uk/pdf/DuddonEstuary_Booklet.pdf )〕 The Hodbarrow Mines and Millom Ironworks were closed in 1968. The town's population of 10,997 in 1967 fell to 7,101 by the 1971 census.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cumbrianrailwaysassociation.org.uk/?The_Railways_of_Cumbria_-_A_History:Furness_Railway )〕 In 1877 the expanding town needed more water and Whicham Beck was dammed at Baystone Bank ((54.261226,-3.274237 )) to form Baystone Bank Reservoir. The reservoir remained in use until about 1996. It was drained in 2011, the dam removed and the valley returned to its original form. This work was carried out by water network company United Utilities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.unitedutilities.com/7832.aspx )〕 During the Second World War an airfield, RAF Millom, was developed on flat coastal land at Haverigg. This was an advanced flying training station, mainly for Observers and also Air Gunners. Aircraft stationed there were firstly the Blackburn Botha and Fairey Battle, then the more popular and successful Avro Anson.〔Nixon, John ''Oh Mother, it's a lovely place! An illustrated history of RAF Millom and their Mountain Rescue Team'' 2009〕 Post-war this became the site of HM Prison Haverigg. Throughout its history, the town has struggled with socio-economic problems, especially after the Industrial Revolution, thus being infamously called by the Mayor of Copeland, 'a place of despair'. However it was noted that the people who came to work in the mines in the late 1800s endured poor living conditions on the marshes that later became Millom New Town, with great fortitude and good humour. To this day Millomites exhibit the same attributes as their forefathers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Millom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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