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Minchiate
Minchiate is an early 16th century card game, originating in Florence, Italy. It is no longer widely played. ''Minchiate'' can also refer to the special deck of 97 playing cards used in the game. The deck is closely related to the tarot cards, but contains an expanded suit of trumps. The game was similar to but more complex than tarocchi.
==History==
Scholars generally believe that the tarot cards, then known as trionfi, were invented in northern Italy circa 1420s to 1440; they spread elsewhere in Italy early on. The minchiate represents a Florentine variant on the original game. The deck belongs to the southern tarot patterns which includes the Tarocco Bolognese and the Tarocco Siciliano. The game was first known as ''germini'', after the Gemini (XXXV) card, the highest of the newly introduced trumps. It was later known as ''minchiate'' in the 17th century. In Sicily, it was called ''gallerini'' while in Liguria it was known as ''ganellini'' but the rules used in these regions are lost save for cryptic references that they were quite different from the Florentine game.
The word ''minchiate'' comes from a dialect word meaning "nonsense" or "trifle". The word ''minchione'' is attested in Italian as meaning "fool", and ''minchionare'' means "to laugh at" someone. The intended meaning may be "the game of the fool", considering that the card "The Fool", also called "The Excuse", features prominently in the game play of all tarot games. In tarocchini, ''sminchiate'' is a signal used to communicate to a teammate.
The game spread from Florence to the rest of Italy and to other areas of Europe including France. By the 18th century, minchiate had overtaken the original game of tarot in popularity in Italy. Paolo Minucci published a commentary on the game in 1676, and the game is described in detail by Romain Merlin in ''Origine des cartes à jouer'', published in Paris in 1869. The game was still played in Genoa in the 1930s, but its popularity declined in the late 19th and early 20th century.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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