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''Międzymorze'' ((:mʲɛnd͡zɨˈmɔʐɛ)), known in English as Intermarium, was a plan, pursued after World War I by Polish leader Józef Piłsudski, for a federation, 〔Aviel Roshwald, "Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923", Routledge (UK), 2001, ISBN 0-415-17893-2, p. 37〕〔Richard K Debo, '' Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-192'', McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7, p. 59.〕〔James H. Billington, ''Fire in the Minds of Men'', Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9, p. 432〕〔Andrzej Paczkowski, "The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom", Penn State Press, 2003, ISBN 0-271-02308-2, p. 10〕〔David Parker, ''The Tragedy of Great Power Politics'', W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 0-393-02025-8, p.194〕 of Central and Eastern European countries. Invited to join the proposed federation were the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia),〔Mark Hewitson, Matthew D'Auria ''Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917-1957'' 2012 Page 191 "... of the other national movements that had found themselves included in Piłsudski's project, especially the Lithuanians. ... The somewhat nostalgic image of 'Intermarium', the land of cultural and historical diversity destroyed by the wave of "〕 Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.〔Miloslav Rechcígl, ''Studies in Czechoslovak history'' Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America - 1976 Volume 1 - Page 282 "This new policy, which was labeled the Intermarium, or Third Europe Project, called for the establishment of ..."〕〔Fritz Taubert Mythos München: 2002 page 351 "... range détente with Germany and in the chance of creating a Polish-led "Third Europe" or "Intermarium" as illusory."〕 The Polish name ''Międzymorze'', which means "Intersea" or "Between-seas," was rendered into Latin as "Intermarium." 〔Tomasz Piesakowski, ''Akcja niepodległościowa na terenie międzynarodowym, 1945-1990'', 1999, p. 149: "''... przyjmując łacińskie określenie 'Intermarium' (Międzymorze). Podkreślano, że 'Intermarium' to nie tylko pojęcie obszaru geopolitycznego zamieszkanego przez 16 narodów, ale idea wspólnoty wszystkich wolnych narodów tego obszaru.''"〕 The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 18th, had united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other geopolitical vision—Prometheism, whose goal was the dismemberment of the Russian Empire and that Empire's divestment of its territorial conquests.〔"Józef Pilsudski, Polish revolutionary and statesman, the first chief of state (1918–22) of the newly independent Poland established in November 1918." ((Józef Pilsudski ) in Encyclopedia Britannica) "Released in November 1918, () returned to Warsaw, assumed command of the Polish armies, and proclaimed an independent Polish republic, which he headed." ((Piłsudski, Joseph ) in Columbia Encyclopedia)〕〔Timothy Snyder, ''Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 1928–1933'' ((p.55 ), (p.56 ), (p.57 ), (p.58 ), (p.59 ), in ''Cofini'', Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005). Timothy Snyder, ''Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine'', Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10670-X, ((p.41 ), (p.42 ), (p.43 ))〕〔"Pilsudski hoped to build not merely a Polish nation state but a greater federation of peoples under the aegis of Poland which would replace Russia as the great power of Eastern Europe. Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine were all to be included. His plan called for a truncated and vastly reduced Russia, a plan which excluded negotiations prior to military victory." Richard K Debo, ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1992'', (Google Print, p. 59 ), McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.〕〔"Pilsudski's program for a federation of independent states centered on Poland; in opposing the imperial power of both Russia and Germany it was in many ways a throwback to the romantic Mazzinian nationalism of Young Poland in the early nineteenth century." James H. Billington, (''Fire in the Minds of Men'' ), p. 432, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9〕 Intermarium was, however, perceived by some Lithuanians as a threat to their newly established independence, and by some Ukrainians as a threat to their aspirations for independence,〔Oleksa Pidlutsky, "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself," ''Zerkalo Nedeli'' (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 3–9, 2001, available online (in Russian ) and (in Ukrainian ).〕〔〔Roman Szporluk, Imperiia ta natsii, Kiev, Dukh i Litera, 2001, ISBN 966-7888-05-3, (section II ) 〕 and was opposed by Russia and by most Western powers, except France, who backed it.〔(Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century ). Andrzej Nowak. Accessed September 14, 2007.〕〔 Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany, except for Finland (which nonetheless suffered some territorial losses in the Winter War). == Precedents == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intermarium」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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