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A modello (:moˈdɛllo) (plural modelli), from Italian,〔The term ''modello'' avoids the ambiguity in English of ''model'', which may equally refer to the finished work of art that provided detailed inspiration for a variant or later copy.〕 is a preparatory study or model, usually at a smaller scale, for a work of art or architecture, especially one produced for the approval of the commissioning patron.〔(Glossary, National Gallery, London ); Irene Earls; (''Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary'' ), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, ISBN 0-313-24658-0.〕 The term gained currency in art circles in Tuscany in the fourteenth century.〔The texts from five contracts and other documents 1376-1508 published by Michael Hirst (Hirst and Carmen Bambach Cappel, "A Note on the Word Modello', ''The Art Bulletin'' 74.1 (March 1992:172-173) are all Tuscan, as Hirst remarks, though the contemporaneous term extended as far as the Marche.〕 Modern definitions in reference works vary somewhat. Alternative and overlapping terms are "oil sketch" (''schizzo'') and "cartoon" for paintings or stained glass, maquette, plastico or bozzetto〔A ''bozzetto'' is a roughly-modelled preliminary sketch in clay for a sculpture; those that survive have mostly been kiln-fired to preserve them.〕 for sculpture or architecture, or architectural model.〔Fourteenth century uses of ''modello'' in connection with Santa Reparata, Florence, are noted in A. Grote, ''Studien zur Geschichte der Opera Santa Reparata zu Florenz in Vierzehnten Jahrhundert'' (Munich 1960:113ff).〕 Though in Gothic figural arts bishops and abbots are often represented carrying small simulacra〔The Latin term ''modulus'', a synonym of ''typus'', "archetype" is given as source for the usage in the Tusacan Accademia della Crusca's early dictionaries; other early dictionary definitions in Italian are noted by Carmen Bambach Cappel 1992:173. See also Donor portrait〕 of buildings they had constructed—"models" in the familiar modern sense—''modello'' is only used of pieces which pre-date the finished work, and were at least in part produced by the main artist involved.〔Michelangelo was in the habit of assigning to members of his studio ''modelli'' done to his specifications: "in Michelagelo studies the presentation drawings are understood to be the group of finished drawings that Michelangelo gave to his friends such as Tommaso de' Cavallieri", remarked Bernadine Barnes (Barnes "A Lost Modello for Michelangelo's 'Last Judgment'" ''Master Drawings'' 26.3 (Autumn 1988:239-248) p. 247 note 4) in justifying her use of ''modello'' for the lost original of two copies in public collections. In the case of architectural ''modelli'', the actual construction could be by craftsmen from drawings by the architect. A discussion about a Hieronymous Bosch drawing that illustrates when the term is appropriate to use is in (note 23 on page 21 ) of: J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, ''Early Netherlandish Painting'', National Gallery of Art, Washington catalogue (Cambridge UP), 1986, ISBN 0-521-34016-0; the correspondence concerning the appropriateness or not of ''modello'' applied by Michael Hirst to presentation drawings by Michelangelo that were "done expressly for patronal approval, criticism or rejection" (Hirst, ''Michelangelo and His Drawings'', 1988:79) is noted above.〕 The less frequently found term ricordo (Italian for "record" or "memory") means a similar piece produced as a small copy ''after'' completion of the work as a record for the workshop.〔A small finished bronze representing a completed sculpture on a reduced scale, made for a connoisseur or the art market, is a ''reduction''.〕 Naturally it is not always easy for art historians to decide whether a particular piece is one or the other, and, especially in the Late Renaissance and Baroque periods, when several versions of a painting were made, the ''ricordo'' for the prime version might serve in the atelier as the ''modello'' for the subsequent ones.〔See: Jonathan Brown, Richard G. Mann; ''Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth Through Nineteenth Centuries: The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue'', National Gallery of Art, Oxford University Press US, 1990, ISBN 0-521-40107-0. In the (last paragraph of p.73 ), the view is advanced that an El Greco was produced as a ''ricordo'' for the first version of a work, and then used as the ''modello'' for a second version.〕 No doubt a modello was often modified after the main work was completed to reflect any changes in the composition during painting, thus making it a ricordo also; this would normally be impossible for art historians to distinguish from a modello altered during its original production. The Tiepolo at right was catalogued as a modello by Michael Levey,〔Levey, Michael, ''The 17th and 18th century Italian Schools; National Gallery Catalogues'', p.223, 1971, National Gallery, London, ISBN 0-901791-09-1〕 but recent x-ray investigation of the huge finished work in Munich has revealed that in its underpainting it was closer to another, very different and less finished modello, now in the Courtauld Institute,〔Braham Helen, ''The Princes Gate Collection'', p. 74, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London 1981, ISBN 0-904563-04-9 (Courtauld Institute image ) - note this is reversed compared to the final painting.〕 and it has been asserted that the National Gallery picture illustrated is a ricordo.〔(Francisco Bayeu. Saragossa; Review of Exhibition ) by Xavier Bray, The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 138, No. 1120 (Jul., 1996), p. 479, note 3. JSTOR - on free page〕 The National Gallery still describe it as "probably a modello", presumably produced after work had already begun.〔(National Gallery, London )〕 "Cartoon", named for the sturdy ''cartone'' paper on which they were generally executed, is usually used of working drawings, often at full scale,〔Cartoons for tapestry were always at full scale; often cut into loom-width strips, they were set behind the warps of the loom as a direct guide for the weavers. The most famous tapestry cartoons are the "Raphael Cartoons" conserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum; they were re-used in the 17th century in England to produce series of Mortlake tapestries.〕 but the distinction is not a firm one, and the terms ''cartoon'' and ''working drawing'' are often used interchangeably. ''Modello'' is especially used of older Italian art and architecture from the late Middle Ages onwards; initially these were mostly drawings, perhaps with some colour from chalk or watercolour, or with colours indicated in writing. The diminutive term modeletto will always be used of small-scale versions. As an Italian word, ''modello'' may be printed in italics, or not.〔Surprisingly, the word does not appear in the original ''OED'' or the First Supplement of 1933〕 The French version of the word, ''modèle'', may be used of French works, and is normally italicised. Especially in the case of oil sketches, many ''modelli'' are greatly valued in their own right, as they may show a freedom in execution and freshness of inspiration missing in the final work, and also may show changes in composition from the finished work, throwing light on the process of artistic creation. Earlier stages of the creative process may be recorded in "preparatory drawings" or "studies", either for the whole composition, or a part of it, such as a single figure. An example of a modello of a fresco cycle, which was rescued for its intrinsic value is in Giorgio Vasari's ''vita'' of Rosso Fiorentino: Vasari reports that a modello for Rosso's frescoes in Santa Maria delle Lagrime, Arezzo, was carried out by Rosso for Giovanni Pollastra, the inventor of the complex program there, "un bellisimo modello di tutto l'opera, che è oggi nelle nostre case di Arezzo."〔"A most beautiful ''modello'' of all the works, which is today in our houses in Arezzo."〕 A preliminary ''modello colorito'' in the form of a painted three-dimensional model was especially important to prejudge the finished effect of illusionistic ''sotto-in-su'' perspectives on the curved surfaces of vaulted ceilings, as Andrea Pozzo, the perfector of the illusionistic ceiling, noted in his ''Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum'' (1700–17)〔In vol. II, section "Breve instruttione per dipingere a fresco", noted by Carmen Bambach Cappel, ''loc. cit.''.〕 Many modelli show versions of works which were never actually realised, or have been lost. Famous examples are the alternative designs produced for the competition in 1401 to design the North doors of the Florence Baptistry. Lorenzo Ghiberti won, beating six other artists, including Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello and Jacopo della Quercia; the modelli survive, for a single panel, of the first two named (Bargello - picture above). There are alternative, unrealised, modelli for many famous buildings, including St Peter's, Rome and the "Great Model" of St Paul's Cathedral, London, showing a different design by Sir Christopher Wren from that actually built.〔(Explore St Paul's - Wren's Great Model )〕 When accepted, such models were retained during the work, as concrete expressions of what was expected under the terms of the contract, and afterwards were preserved in storage through salutary neglect. ==See also== *Pentimento 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modello」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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