|
Moharebeh (also muharebeh, محاربة) refers to the crime of Hirabah, (a crime in Islamic law), or the perpetrator of Hirabah. Mohareb (محارب) has been translated by English language Iranian media as "enemy of God".〔(google search of Tehran Times )〕〔(Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation )〕 In English-language media sources Moharebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God,"〔(Iran, With Opposition Protests Continuing, Executes More Prisoners ) By NAZILA FATHI, February 1, 2010〕 "war against God and the state,"〔(Iran: Kurdish Activist Executed ) November 10, 2009〕 "enmity against God."〔( Ashoura protesters at risk of execution in Iran, 8 January 2010 )〕 〔(Trial of 16 Ashura riot detainees begins in Iran )| tehrantimes.com |31 January 2011〕 It is a capital crime in the Islamic Republic of Iran. ==Origin== The original meanings of the root word ''haraba'' are to despoil someones wealth or property, and also fighting or committing sinful act. The Quran "refers to both meanings" in verses 2:279 and 5:33-34. The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter; In keeping with the Quranic verse 5:33 quoted above, "most classical () jurists" held that the penalty for ''moharebeh'' was crucifixion, cross-amputation (amputation of right hand and left foot) or being banished from the earth. According to legal historian Sadakat Kadri the crimes of waging `war against God and His apostle` (Moharebeh) and spreading `disorder in the land` (Mofsed-e-filarz) were originally punished either by exile or some combination of double amputation, beheading, and crucifixion (what Kadri calls "islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval Europeans inflicted on traitors"). This was the only capital penalty permitted rulers by the Quran (in the case of murder the killer's fate was in the hands of the victim's next of kin not the judge during the early years of Islam "when enemies of the faith and political rebels often looked frighteningly similar" the crime had broader application including apostasy from Islam but was "gradually narrowed" to apply only to "highway robbery in the open county." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Moharebeh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|