|
The Molossidae, or free-tailed bats, are a family of bats within the order Chiroptera. They are generally quite robust, and consist of many strong flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings. Another common name for some members of this group, and indeed a few species from other families, is mastiff bat. The western mastiff bat, ''Eumops perotis'', a large species from the southwestern United States and Mexico with wings over across, is perhaps one of the best known with this name. They are widespread, being found on every continent except Antarctica. The family's scientific name comes from the type genus, ''Molossus'', which in turn is from the Molossus shepherd dog.〔''The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region'' by J. D. Skinner, ISBN 0-521-84418-5,2006, p. 277, "The name of the (bats ) family is derived from the Greek ''molossus'', a kind of dog used by Greek shepherds in ancient times."〕 The family's common name is derived from a length of "free" tail, projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium – the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs. The tail is usually best seen when resting. A special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. This gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents, such as swifts, swallows, and martins. As a result, these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number. The dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species: Free-tailed bats are usually grey, brown, or black in color, with some exceptions. They range from in length, excluding the tail, and can weigh from , depending on species. They are insectivorous, and catch their food on the wing. While some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices, some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals.〔 Molecular sequence data supports the monophyly of Molossidae as a whole, but not that of many of its genera, such as ''Chaerephon'', ''Mops'', ''Mormopterus'' and ''Tadarida''. The grouping of ''Chaerephon'' minus ''C. jobimena'' plus ''Mops'' was found to be monophyletic, as was ''Otomops''. ==Classification== The 18 genera contain about 100 species: FAMILY MOLOSSIDAE *Genus ''Potamops''〔Czaplewski, N. J. 1997. Chiroptera. In Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H., Cifelli, R. L. & Flynn, J. J. (edit.). ''Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia''. Smithsonian Institution Press. P. 410-431.〕 *Subfamily Molossinae〔 * *Genus ''Chaerephon'' - lesser mastiff bats * * *Duke of Abruzzi's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon aloysiisabaudiae'' * * *Ansorge's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon ansorgei'' * * *Gland-tailed free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon bemmeleni'' * * *Spotted free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon bivittata'' * * *Fijian mastiff bat, ''Chaerephon bregullae'' * * *Chapin's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon chapini'' * * *Gallagher's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon gallagheri'' * * *Northern freetail bat, ''Chaerephon jobensis'' * * *Red free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon jobimena'' * * *Northern free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon johorensis'' * * *Grandidier's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon leucogaster'' * * *Lappet-eared free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon major'' * * *Nigerian free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon nigeriae'' * * *Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon plicata'' * * *Little free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon pumila'' * * *Russet free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon russata'' * * *Shortridge's free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon shortridgei'' * * *Solomons mastiff bat, ''Chaerephon solomonis'' * * *São Tomé free-tailed bat, ''Chaerephon tomensis'' * *Genus ''Cheiromeles'' - naked bats, or hairless bats * * *Greater naked bat, ''Cheiromeles torquatus'' * * *Lesser naked bat, ''Cheiromeles parvidens'' * *Genus ''Cynomops'' * * *Cinnamon dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops abrasus'' * * *Greenhall's dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops greenhalli'' * * *Mexican dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops mexicanus'' * * *Para dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops paranus'' * * *Southern dog-faced bat, ''Cynomops planirostris'' * *Genus ''Eumops'' - mastiff bats, or bonneted bats * * *Black bonneted bat, ''Eumops auripendulus'' * * *Dwarf bonneted bat, ''Eumops bonariensis'' * * *Big bonneted bat, ''Eumops dabbenei'' * * *''Eumops ferox'' * * *''Eumops floridanus'' * * *Wagner's bonneted bat, ''Eumops glaucinus'' * * *Sanborn's bonneted bat, ''Eumops hansae'' * * *Guianan bonneted bat, ''Eumops maurus'' * * *Patagonian bonneted bat, ''Eumops patagonicus'' * * *Western mastiff bat, ''Eumops perotis'' * * *Colombian bonneted bat, ''Eumops trumbulli'' * * *Underwood's bonneted bat, ''Eumops underwoodi'' * * *''Eumops wilsoni'' * *Genus ''Mormopterus'' * * *Subgenus ''Mormopterus'' * * * *Natal free-tailed bat, ''Mormopterus acetabulosus'' * * * *''Mormopterus francoismoutoui'' * * * *Sumatran mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus doriae'' * * * *Peter's wrinkle-lipped bat, ''Mormopterus jugularis'' * * * *Kalinowski's mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus kalinowskii'' * * * *Little goblin bat, ''Mormopterus minutus'' * * * *Incan little mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus phrudus'' * * *Subgenus ''Micronomus'' * * * *Beccari's mastiff bat, ''Mormopterus beccarii'' * * * *''Mormopterus eleryi'' * * * *''Mormopterus loriae'' * * * *East-coast free-tailed bat, ''Mormopterus norfolkensis'' * * * *Southern free-tailed bat, ''Mormopterus planiceps'' * *Genus ''Molossops'' - broad-faced bats * * *Equatorial dog-faced bat, ''Molossops (Cabreramops) aequatorianus'' * * *Mato Grosso dog-faced bat, ''Molossops mattogrossensis'' * * *Rufous dog-faced bat, ''Molossops neglectus'' * * *Dwarf dog-faced bat, ''Molossops temminckii'' * *Genus ''Molossus'' - velvety free-tailed bats * * *Aztec mastiff bat, ''Molossus aztecus'' * * *''Molossus barnesi'' * * *Coiban mastiff bat, ''Molossus coibensis'' * * *Bonda mastiff bat, ''Molossus currentium'' * * *Velvety free-tailed bat, ''Molossus molossus'' * * *Miller's mastiff bat, ''Molossus pretiosus'' * * *Black mastiff bat, ''Molossus rufus'' (another article) * * *Sinaloan mastiff bat, ''Molossus sinaloae'' * * *''Molossus trinitatus'' * *Genus ''Mops'' - greater mastiff bats * * *Subgenus ''Xiphonycteris'' * * * *Spurrell's free-tailed bat, ''Mops spurrelli'' * * * *Dwarf free-tailed bat, ''Mops nanulus'' * * * *Peterson's free-tailed bat, ''Mops petersoni'' * * * *''Mops leonis'' * * * *Sierra Leone free-tailed bat, ''Mops brachyptera'' * * * *''Mops bakarii'' * * * *Railer bat, ''Mops thersites'' * * *Subgenus ''Mops'' * * * *Angolan free-tailed bat, ''Mops condylurus'' * * * *White-bellied free-tailed bat, ''Mops niveiventer'' * * * *Mongalla free-tailed bat, ''Mops demonstrator'' * * * *Malayan free-tailed bat, ''Mops mops'' * * * *Sulawesi free-tailed bat, ''Mops sarasinorum'' * * * *Trevor's free-tailed bat, ''Mops trevori'' * * * *''Mops congica'' * * * *Midas free-tailed bat, ''Mops midas'' * * * *Niangara free-tailed bat, ''Mops niangarae'' * * * *Medje free-tailed bat, ''Mops congicus'' * * * *''Mops leucostigma'' * *Genus ''Myopterus'' * * *Daubenton's free-tailed bat, ''Myopterus daubentonii'' * * *Bini free-tailed bat, ''Myopterus whitleyi'' * *Genus ''Nyctinomops'' - New World free-tailed bats * * *Peale's free-tailed bat, ''Nyctinomops aurispinosus'' * * *Pocketed free-tailed bat, ''Nyctinomops femorosaccus'' * * *Broad-eared bat, ''Nyctinomops laticaudatus'' * * *Big free-tailed bat, ''Nyctinomops macrotis'' * *Genus ''Otomops'' - big-eared free-tailed bats * * *Javan mastiff bat, ''Otomops formosus'' * * *''Otomops johnstonei'' * * *Madagascar free-tailed bat, ''Otomops madagascariensis'' * * *Large-eared free-tailed bat, ''Otomops martiensseni'' * * *Big-eared mastiff bat, ''Otomops papuensis'' * * *Mantled mastiff bat, ''Otomops secundus'' * * *Wroughton's free-tailed bat, ''Otomops wroughtoni'' * *Genus ''Platymops'' * * *Peters's flat-headed bat, ''Platymops setiger'' * *Genus ''Promops'' - domed-palate mastiff bats * * *Big crested mastiff bat, ''Promops centralis'' * * *Brown mastiff bat, ''Promops nasutus'' * *Genus ''Sauromys'' * * *Roberts's flat-headed bat, ''Sauromys petrophilus'' * *Genus ''Tadarida'' - free-tailed bats * * *Egyptian free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida aegyptiaca'' * * *White-striped free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida australis'' * * *Mexican free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida brasiliensis'' * * *Madagascan large free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida fulminans'' * * *European free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida insignis'' * * *''Tadarida kuboriensis'' * * *La Touche's free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida latouchei'' * * *Kenyan big-eared free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida lobata'' * * *European free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida teniotis'' * * *African giant free-tailed bat, ''Tadarida ventralis'' *Subfamily Tomopeatinae〔 * *Genus ''Tomopeas'' * * *Blunt-eared bat, ''Tomopeas ravus'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Free-tailed bat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|