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Avarga | Karakorum 〔Founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260.〕 | ' }} |common_languages = |religion = |government_type = Elective monarchy; later also hereditary |title_leader = Great Khan |year_leader1=1206–1227 |leader1=Genghis Khan |year_leader2=1229–1241 |leader2=Ögedei Khan |year_leader3=1246–1248 |leader3=Güyük Khan |year_leader4=1251–1259 |leader4=Möngke Khan |year_leader5=1260–1294 |leader5=Kublai Khan (Nominal) |year_leader6=1333–1368 |leader6=Toghan Temür Khan (Nominal) |legislature = ''Kurultai'' |event_start= |year_start = 1206 |event1 = Death of Genghis Khan |date_event1 = 1227 |event2 = ''Pax Mongolica'' |date_event2 = 1250–1350 |event3 = Empire fragments |date_event3 = 1260–1294 |event_end = Fall of Yuan dynasty |year_end = 1368 |event_post = |date_post = 1687 |stat_area1 = 33000000 |stat_year1 = 1279〔Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2006). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires.Journal of World-Systems Research (University of Connecticut). 12 (no. 2): 219–229.〕〔Morgan. The Mongols. p. 5.〕 |currency = Various 〔Including coins such as dirhams and paper currencies based on silver (''sukhe'') or silk, or the later Chao currency of the Yuan dynasty.〕 |p1 = Khamag Mongol |flag_p1 = |p2 = Khwarazmian Empire |flag_p2= |p3 = Qara Khitai |flag_p3= |p4=Jīn dynasty |flag_p4= |p5=Song dynasty |flag_p5= |p6=Western Xia |flag_p6= |p7=Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p7=Abbasids850.png |p8=Nizari Ismaili state |flag_p8=Flag of Nizari Ismaili state (1162-1256).svg |p9=Kievan Rus' |flag_p9= |p10=Volga Bulgaria |flag_p10=Volga Bulgaria.png |p11=Cumania |flag_p11=CumaniaCoA.png |p12=Alania |flag_p12= |p13=Kingdom of Dali |flag_p13= |p14=Kimek Khanate |flag_p14= |p15=Sultanate of Rum |flag_p15=Seljuqs_Eagle.svg | s1=Chagatai Khanate |flag_s1=Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg |s2=Golden Horde |flag_s2=Golden Horde flag 1339.svg |s3=Ilkhanate |flag_s3=Il-Khanate Flag.svg |s4=Yuan dynasty |flag_s4= |s5=Northern Yuan dynasty |flag_s5= |s6=Timurid Empire |flag_s6= |s7=Anatolian Beyliks |flag_s7= |s8=Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) |flag_s8= |s9=Grand Duchy of Lithuania |flag_s9=Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg |s10=Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385) |flag_s10=Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg |today = }} The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: ''Mongolyn Ezent Güren'' ; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн; also ("Horde") in Russian chronicles), existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.〔Morgan. ''The Mongols''. p. 5.〕 Originating in the steppes of Central Asia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into Siberia, eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and the Iranian plateau, and westwards as far as the Levant and Arabia. The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of nomadic tribes in the Mongolia homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan, who was proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and then under his descendants, who sent invasions in every direction.〔Diamond. ''Guns, Germs, and Steel''. p. 367.〕〔''The Mongols and Russia'', by George Vernadsky〕〔''The Mongol World Empire, 1206–1370'', by John Andrew Boyle〕〔''The History of China'', by David Curtis Wright. p. 84.〕〔''The Early Civilization of China'', by Yong Yap Cotterell, Arthur Cotterell. p. 223.〕〔''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281'' by Reuven Amitai-Preiss〕 The vast transcontinental empire connected the east with the west with an enforced ''Pax Mongolica'' allowing trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies to be disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.〔Gregory G.Guzman "Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?", ''The Historian'' 50 (1988), 568-70.〕〔Allsen. ''Culture and Conquest''. p. 211.〕 The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei, or one of his other sons such as Tolui, Chagatai, or Jochi. The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of Ögedeid and Chagataid factions, but disputes continued even among the descendants of Tolui. After Möngke Khan died, rival ''kurultai'' councils simultaneously elected different successors, the brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, who then not only fought each other in the Toluid Civil War, but also dealt with challenges from descendants of other sons of Genghis.〔Michael Biran. ''Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia''. The Curzon Press, 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0631-3〕 Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as Kublai sought unsuccessfully to regain control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families. The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 marked the high-water point of the Mongol conquests and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield. Though the Mongols launched many more invasions into the Levant, briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive victory at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, they withdrew due to various geopolitical factors. By the time of Kublai's death in 1294, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives: the Golden Horde khanate in the northwest; the Chagatai Khanate in the middle; the Ilkhanate in the southwest; and the Yuan dynasty in the east based in modern-day Beijing.〔''The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States''. p. 413.〕 In 1304, the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty,〔Jackson. ''Mongols and the West''. p. 127.〕〔Allsen. ''Culture and Conquest''. pp. xiii, 235.〕 but it was later overthrown by the Han Chinese Ming dynasty in 1368. The Genghisid rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolia homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty, while the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate lasted in one form or another for some additional centuries after the fall of the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate. == Name == What is referred to in English as the Mongol Empire was so called the Ikh Mongol Uls ''(ikh: great, uls: state; Great Mongolian State)''.〔Sanders. p. 300.〕 In the 1240s, Genghis's descendant Güyük Khan wrote a letter to Pope Innocent IV which used the preamble, "Dalai (great/oceanic) Khagan of the great Mongolian state (ulus)".〔Saunders. ''History of the Mongol conquests''. p. 225.〕 After the succession war between Kublai Khan and his brother Ariq Böke, Ariq limited Kublai's real power to the eastern part of the empire. Kublai officially issued an imperial edict on December 18, 1271 to name the country "Great Yuan" (''Dai Yuan'', or ''Dai Ön Ulus'') to establish the Yuan dynasty. Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was ''Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus''.〔Rybatzki. p. 116.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mongol Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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