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Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.〔Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)〕 It is closely related to the families Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.〔Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 161(6 supplement):S109-119.〕 It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few lianas of the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the southern hemisphere.〔Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 The largest center of diversity is New Guinea, with about 75 species. Lesser centers of diversity are Madagascar, Australia, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, as does southern Chile, and several species are distributed thru Malesia and the southwest Pacific.〔Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". ''Journal of Biogeograpy'' 37(7):1227-1238. 〕 Monimiaceae is underrepresented in herbaria and other plant collections.〔 Variation within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of monospecific genera. As of 2010, the following 11 genera were considered monospecific: ''Peumus, Xymalos, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Hemmantia, "Endressia", Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus, Grazielanthus,'' and ''Faika''. ''Kairoa'' was monospecific until 2009.〔Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for ''Kairoa'' (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' 14(1):71-81. 〕 Monimiaceae is divided into 27 genera, or 28 if ''Faika'' is accepted.〔 The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is as follows: ''Tambourissa''(50), ''Mollinedia''(20-90), ''Kibara''(43), ''Steganthera''(17), ''Palmeria''(14), and ''Hedycarya''(11). The type genus, ''Monimia'', is endemic to the Mascarenes. The number of species in Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200〔 to about 270.〔William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.〕 Most of this difference results from uncertainty over species limits in the tropical American genus ''Mollinedia''. Estimates of the number of species in ''Mollinedia'' have ranged from 20〔 to 90.〔 Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg described 71 species of ''Mollinedia'' in ''Das Pflanzenreich'' in 1901,〔Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus''. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See ''External links'' below).〕 but many authors today regard this as an example of over-description. The wood of ''Peumus boldus'' and ''Hedycarya arborescens'' is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand respectively, but is of no commercial importance. Both of these species are grown in their native regions as ornamentals.〔 An herbal tea is made from ''Peumus''.〔 The phytochemistry of a few of the genera has been studied.〔Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on ''Siparuna'' and ''Mollinedia''". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 65(2):87-102. .〕 Fossil wood attributed to Monimiaceae has been found in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Both of these fossil sites are roughly 83 million years old, from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period. Fossil leaves of Monimiaceae are known from the Paleocene of King George Island of the South Shetland Islands, near the Antarctic peninsula〔 and from the Eocene of Patagonia.〔Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 16(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See ''External links'' below).〕 It was long believed that the divergence of different groups within Monimiaceae could be explained by the separation of East Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Seychelles, Australia, Antarctica, and New Caledonia) from West Gondwana (Africa and South America) and by the later separation of Africa and South America.〔David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden'' 72(1):1-165.〕 Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of vicariance, but the dating of clades by molecular clock methods has shown that the presence of Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by long-distance dispersal.〔 Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-Miocene, and these could have provided an intermediate phaze in dispersal between Australia and South America.〔Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. ''Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants'', 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.〕 == Genera == The information on genera is from Renner et alii (2010)〔 or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993).〔 * Subfamily Monimioideae * * * Genus ''Peumus'' Molina, 1782 – 1 species; southern Chile. * * * Genus ''Monimia'' Thouars, 1804 – 3 species; Mauritius and Réunion. * * * Genus ''Palmeria'' F.J.H. von Mueller, 1864 – 14 species; New Guinea to Sulawesi and eastern Australia. * Subfamily Hortonioideae * * * Genus ''Hortonia'' Wight ex Arnott, 1838 – 2 species; Sri Lanka. * Subfamily Mollinedioideae * * Tribe Hedycaryeae * * * Genus ''Xymalos'' Baillon, 1887 – 1 species; Afromontane endemic, from 900–2700 m elevation from Sudan to South Africa, and on Mount Cameroon and Bioko. * * * Genus ''Decarydendron'' Danguy, 1928 – 3 species; Madagascar. * * * Genus ''Ephippiandra'' Decaisne, 1858 (syn: ''Hedycaryopsis'') – 6 species; Madagascar. * * * Genus ''Tambourissa'' Sonnerat, 1782 (syn: ''Phanerogamocarpus'', ''Schrameckia'') – approximately 50 species; Madagascar and the Mascarenes. * * * Genus ''Hedycarya'' J & G. Forster, 1776 (syn: ''Carnegieodoxa'') – 11 species; mostly of New Caledonia, also New Zealand, and Australia to Fiji. * * * Genus ''Kibaropsis'' Vieillard ex Jérémie, 1977 – 1 species; New Caledonia. * * * Genus ''Levieria'' Beccari, 1877 – 7 species; Queensland, New Guinea to Sulawesi. * * Tribe Mollinedieae * * * Genus ''Austromatthaea'' L.S. Smith, 1969 – 1 species; Queensland. * * * Genus ''Endressia'' Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species; Queensland. * * * Genus ''Hemmantia'' Trevor Paul Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species; Queensland. * * * Genus ''Matthaea'' Blume, 1856 – 5 species; Philippines, Talaud Islands, Malaysia, and Sumatra. * * * Genus ''Steganthera'' Perkins, 1898 (syn: ''Anthobembix'') – 17 species; Sulawesi to Solomon Islands and Queensland. * * * Genus ''Tetrasynandra'' Perkins, 1898 – 3 species; eastern Australia. * * * Genus ''Hennecartia'' Poisson, 1885 – 1 species; Paraguay, southern Brazil, northeast Argentina. * * * Genus ''Macropeplus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. * * * Genus ''Macrotorus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil. * * * Genus ''Mollinedia'' Ruiz & Pavon, 1794 – 20 to 90 species; Central and South America * * * Genus ''Grazielanthus'' Ariane Luna Peixoto & Maria Verônica Leite Pereira-Moura, 2008 – 1 species; southeast Brazil. * * * Genus ''Wilkiea'' F.J.H. von Mueller, 1858 – 9 species; New South Wales, Queensland, New Guinea. * * * Genus ''Kairoa'' Philipson, 1980 – 2 species; Papua New Guinea. * * * Genus ''Faika'' Philipson, 1985 – 1 species; Papua * * * Genus ''Kibara'' Endlicher, 1837 – 43 species; mostly New Guinea, but extending from the Nicobar Islands and Thailand to the Philippines and Queensland. * * * Genus ''Parakibara'' Philipson, 1985 – 1 species; Halmahera. * * * Genus ''Lauterbachia'' Perkins, 1900 – 1 species; Papua New Guinea. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monimiaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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