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Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne (RP: ; Locally: ),〔 commonly known as Newcastle, is a city in Tyne and Wear, North East England, 103 miles (166 km) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles (446 km) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne, from the North Sea.〔(Grid reference Finder measurement tools )〕 Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and Tyneside the seventh most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county itself, a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974. The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie.
The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius〔(Roman Britain ) Pons Aelius – 'The Aelian Bridge'〕〔(GoogleBooks ) George Patrick Welch, ''Britannia, the Roman Conquest and Occupation of Britain'', Wesleyan University Press, 1963, pp 165, 167, 277〕 and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among its icons are Newcastle Brown Ale; Newcastle United football club; and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.
==History==
(詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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